-
Jamestown was the first permanent English colony, created for the abundance of natural resources nearby. Upon arriving the settlers had to survive and look for new avenues for profit. Only people who were desperate moved to the New World, understanding that land=oppotunity. The Monarchy was heavily invested in Jamestown, needing more people to move there to grow and harvest the new cash crop, Tobacco. -
Plymouth was established by separatist Puritans who had broken away from the Church of England, believing that the Church had not completed the work of the Protestant Reformation. The explorer John Smith had named the area Plymouth after leaving Jamestown, as the Mayflower had set sail from the port of Plymouth in England. The Plymouth Colony was the first permanent settlement of Europeans in New England and the second in North America. -
The South Atlantic economic system centered on making goods and clothing to sell in Europe and increasing the number of African slaves brought to the New World. This was crucial to those European countries who, in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, were vying in creating overseas empires. This system tied the whole British empire together economically through the exchange of slaves from Africa, North American farmer products, and European finished goods. -
By the 1670s, economic and political power in Virginia was in the hands of a small circle of men who amassed land, slaves, and political offices. Governor William Berkeley of Virginia proposed a defensive strategy: to deter Indian intrusions. Nathaniel Bacon was migrant from England who emerged as the rebels' leader. After being shut out of Berkeley’s inner circle of differing with Berkeley on Indian policy, Bacon mobilized his neighbors and attacked any Indians he could find. -
The Great Awakening was a national religious experience. Preachers that people needed to be concerned with their inner emotion rather than their outward religious behavior. George Whitefield gave raw emotional sermons to all classes, urging people to live "godly lives." While Jonathan Edwards used fear-based sermons, believing that God was angry with people. New churches were built, and universities were founded to support this religious revival. -
The Albany Plan was a plan to place the British colonies under a more centralized government. Benjamin Franklin wanted to create an official union between the American colonies, to then secure the support of the Iroquois Natives in fighting the French. However, the governments of the colonies, recognized that it would dampen their own authority and territorial rights. It was the first official attempt to create a confederation between the colonies. -
At the end of The Seven Years' War, France had to give up all their land up to the Mississippi river. France ends up giving Louisiana to the Spanish. For the colonies, the end of this war also ended with Benign Neglect. Originally just a cash cow for Britain- the colonies were starting to cause some problems. And due to the costly war, Britain needed the colonies to become more profitable. However, the colonists believed that they contributed greatly and should be seen as equals. -
The Proclamation Of 1763 declared that the colonist could not move past the Appalachian Mountains. This boundary marked the lands gained by the British following the Seven Years' War. It also required that future land purchases be made only by government officials in a public meeting. The colonists strongly objected to the Proclamation of 1763. They resented that the British government was restricting their settlements and taking control of the west out of their hands. -
The Sons of Liberty was an organization formed in the American colonies in the summer of 1765 to oppose the Stamp Act. Their motto was, “No taxation without representation.” They were a group of instigators in America who used extreme forms of civil disobedience—threats, and l violence—to intimidate loyalists and outrage the British government. The Sons of Liberty were responsible for the Boston Tea Party, the mass boycott of British goods, and overall upheaval. -
The Townshend Acts were a series of measures, passed by the British, that taxed goods imported to the colonies. Some taxes were on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Previously, colonists had opposed the tax imposed by the Stamp Act, and Townshend believed they would accept the indirect taxes. These new taxes further fueled the anger regarding the injustice of taxation without representation. -
The Boston Tea Party was a political protest in Boston, Massachusetts. American colonists were frustrated at Britain for imposing, “taxation without representation,” with the passing of the Intolerable acts. The Sons of Liberty patriot group dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor imported from the British East India Company. This event ultimately sparked the American Revolution. -
The Intolerable Acts were a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. The laws aimed to punish Massachusetts colonists for their defiance of the Tea Act. Boston Harbor was closed to trade until the owners of the tea were compensated. Only food and firewood were permitted into the port. Town meetings were banned, and the authority of the royal governor was increased. -
Taking place in Philadelphia, all thirteen colonies sent delegates to the Second Continental Congress. At first, the Conservatives wanted reconciliation with the British, sending the olive branch petition. When King George rejects the document, the Patriots write the Declaration of American Independence. They wanted to change the nature of government throughout the world. This body also created the Continental Army, appointing George Washington to lead them to victory. -
The Olive Branch Petition was adopted by Congress to be sent to the King as a last attempt to prevent formal war from being declared. The Petition emphasized their loyalty to the British crown and emphasized their rights as British citizens.George III rejected the idea of reconciliation and declared the colonies to be in open rebellion. -
The battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the Revolutionary War. British General John Burgoyne and his army planed to move south and combine with two other British armies. However, two British armies got caught in a swap areas, while the colonists were able to get ot Saratoga quicker. The remaining British army was forced to surrender- leveling the playing field for colonists. -
The Articles of Confederation were adopted by the Continental Congress, serving as the United States' first constitution. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments. The need for a stronger Federal government soon became apparent and eventually led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. -
Thomas Paine was the author of Common Sense, a propaganda piece laying out an argument for freedom. Later he published American Crisis, for the soldiers of the continental army. George Washington read this piece aloud to boost Army moral. This pamphlet also renewed hope for the American cause. -
the treaty of Paris official ended the Revolutionary war. This document formally recognized the United States as an independent nation. With the new states being granted everything in-between the Mississippi and Atlantic.Native American people living in this region were now within the boundaries of the United States. Britain remained in control of Canada. This treaty also created an eternal friendship alliance between America and France. -
The Northwest Ordinance created a government for the Northwest Territory provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory. Following the principles outlined by Jefferson, the authors of the Northwest Ordinance spelled out a plan that was subsequently used as the country expanded to the Pacific. The Ordinance also required a bill of rights, the benefit of trial by jury, encouraged education, and forbade slavery. -
After the war farmers were in deep debt, they were either thrown in debtors prison or lost their farms. Angry farmers in Massachusetts began to rebel under the guidance of Daniel Shay. Together they took over courthouses to prevent farms being closed on moving east towards Boston. Wealthy Bostonian called the government to stop these rebellions, but the federal government was too weak. A private army was raised, but the weakness of the Articles of Confederation was already shown. -
The goal of the Constitutional Convention was to decide how America was going to be governed. Although the Convention had been officially called to revise the Articles of Confederation, many delegates had much bigger plans. The Anti-Federalists and the Federalists had to find middle ground on topics such as slavery, the bill of rights, and the electoral college.Together they would produce the first written constitution for any nation in the history of the world. -
The Second Great Awakening happened in a period when American Protestant Christians' beliefs changed during the early 19th century. It was marked by a wave of enthusiastic religious revivals, the Second Great Awakening set the stage for equally enthusiastic social reform movements, especially abolitionism and temperance. People chose to reject sin and instead live morally upstanding lives. -
During Washington's presidency, when Congress legislated an excise tax on whiskey and distilled spirits. The revenue from these taxes was intended to help lessen the federal deficit. The Whiskey Rebellion was the first test of federal authority in the United States. This rebellion enforced the idea that the new government had the right to levy a particular tax that would impact citizens in all states. -
the Aline Act allowed the president to deport any alien considered dangerous. It also raised the residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, and permitted arrest, imprisonment, and deportation during wartime. While the Sedition Acts made it illegal for newspapers to print anything critical of the president or congress. They were passed by President Adams in order to prepare for a possible war with France. -
Marbury v. Madison was a U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States. American courts have the power to strike down laws and statutes that they find to violate the Constitution of the United States. This case began in 1801, President John Adams had issued William Marbury as justice of the peace — but the new Secretary of State, James Madison, refused to deliver it. Marbury then sued to obtain it. -
The U.S couldn't lose control of New Orleans and the Mississippi River. James Monroe was sent by President Jefferson to negotiate the purchase of new Orleans for $3 Million dollars. Instead, Napoleon offered them to buy the whole Louisiana Territory for $15 million. Jefferson was a strict constructionist, and the constitution says nothing about new land. However, Jefferson put aside his own values and purchased the territory. It doubles the size of the country. -
The Embargo Act closed U.S. ports to all exports and imports from Britain. The act was President Jefferson's response to British and French interference with neutral U.S. merchant ships during the Napoleonic Wars. The American economy suffered under this act and American public opinion quickly turned against the embargo. Agricultural prices and earnings fell. Existing markets were wrecked. Unemployment increased. -
The Battle of New Orleans was the last major battle of the War of 1812. Under the command of General Andrew Jackson, American forces successfully repelled the invading British army. What was unusual about the Battle of New Orleans was that it was unnecessary. The battle participants did not know it at the time, but the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 was signed two weeks earlier. -
The American system was a national economic plan put forth by Senator Henry Clay. The plan was to assist the United States in becoming self-sufficient economically while spurring massive market growth throughout the nation. Most hoped that this growth would eliminate regional boundaries and draw the country together. It greatly influenced the development of American manufacturing in the early 1800s. -
The Tariff of Abomination was meant to protect northern and western agricultural products from competition with foreign imports. However, the resulting tax on foreign goods raised the cost of living in the South and cut into the profits of New England's industrialists. The bill was denounced in the South and escalated to a threat of civil war, as they felt it only benefited the industrialized north. The tariff was later replaced in 1833, and the crisis ended. -
The 1828 United States presidential election was the 11th presidential election. Featuring a repetition of the 1824 election, as President John Quincy Adams of the National Republican Party faced Andrew Jackson of the Democratic Party. It reintroduced the two-party system, promoted political parties, and introduced mudslinging to the elections. With Jackson winning the election in landslide, he was the first "president of the people." -
In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, the court said that the political autonomy of indigenous polities was inherently reliant on the federal government, defining them as domestic dependent nations rather than foreign independent nations. The U.S. Supreme Court also ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign. This meant that Georgia had no right to enforce state laws in its territory. This angered white southerners with the discovery of gold on Cherokee land. -
South Carolina tested the doctrine of nullification when it declared a federal tax null and void within the state. The conflict that resulted between South Carolina and the U.S. government is known as the nullification crisis. South Carolina was ultimately not allowed to nullify the tax. It was the first time tensions between state and federal authority almost led to a civil war. In response President Jackson issued a Proclamation that disputed a states' right to nullify a federal law -
The Oregon Trail, which stretched for about 2,000 miles, was the main means for hundreds of thousands of emigrants to reach the Northwest from the early 1840s through the 1860s. It crossed varied and often difficult terrain that included large territories occupied by Native Americans. Of the estimated 350,000 who started the journey, disease may have claimed as many as 30,000 victims. -
Developed in the 1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse and other inventors, the telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between railway stations. The first message, “What hath God wrought?” was sent. While the telegraph system progressed slowly, and many attempts failed to make the system work for the entire country. Morse slowly continued to spread his invention and he extended the telegraph line to New York. -
This treaty ended the war between the United States and Mexico. Mexica was forced to give up 55% of its territory, including California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and most of Arizona and Colorado. Mexica also gave up all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as America's southern boundary. The treaty also called for the United States to pay $15 million to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. The novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the U.S., and is said to have "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War." It tells the story of Uncle Tom, an enslaved person, depicted as saintly and dignified, noble and steadfast in his beliefs. -
Bleeding Kansas was a series of violent confrontations in Kansas Territory, from a political debate over the legality of slavery in the proposed state of Kansas. It pitted Americans against one another. While pro-slavery settlers wished to secure Kansas as a slave state, free state settlers wanted to ban slavery from the territory. Approximately 55 people died in "Bleeding Kansas." -
Dred Scott was an slave who accompanied his owner, to postings in a free state-Illinois. In 1846 Scott and his wife, aided by antislavery lawyers, sued for their freedom. They claimed that they were free due to their residence in a free territory where slavery was prohibited. The U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the Dred Scott case struck down the Missouri Compromise as unconstitutional, maintaining that Congress had no power to forbid or abolish slavery in the territories. -
Tammany Hall served as a social integrator for immigrants by familiarizing them with American society and its political institutions and helping them become naturalized citizens. Under Tweed, Tammany Hall became a massive political machine, enabling them to steal money from the city treasury. Boss Tweed was also able to use the spoils system in federal and state governments to choose his elected officials into critical positions. -
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an effort to initiate a slave revolt in Southern states by taking over the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. John Brown was going to raid a federal armory and arm enslaved people destroy the institution of slavery. The main reason John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry failed was because the armory that he attacked was surrounded by a regiment. He was arrested and later executed. -
In the election for the president of the United States Lincoln won the election, having more electoral votes and more popular votes than any candidate. Since the race had four main candidates, it allowed Lincoln to get more electoral votes than he would otherwise. Winning none of the southern states many Southerners, feared that Lincoln's presidency would result in the end of Southern life. This election demonstrated the divisions within the United States just before the Civil War. -
South Carolina became the first state to secede from the federal Union. The victory of Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 presidential election triggered disunion across the South. South Carolina legislators thought that it was no longer in their state's interest to remain in the Union. The secession of South Carolina was followed by the secession of six more states—Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas–and the threat of secession by four more. -
The Anaconda Plan was a military strategy proposed by Union General Winfield Scott in the outbreak of the Civil War. The plan consisted of a naval blockade of the Confederate littoral, an attack down the Mississippi river, and constricting the South by Union land and naval forces. It would strangle the Confederacy by cutting it off from external markets and sources of material. While the public wanted a large-scale invasion, Lincoln implemented Scott's blockade -
The Homestead Act, provided that any adult citizen, or intended citizen, claim 160 acres of government land. Claimants were required to live on and “improve” their plot by cultivating the land. The act distributed millions of acres of western land to individual settlers. However this act proved detrimental to Native Americans, when overly optimistic advertising in Europe brought a flood of immigrants to the plains, droving them from their homeland -
The Pacific Railway Act offered government incentives to assist in developing the nation's first transcontinental rail line. It also began to offer federal government grant of lands directly to corporations; rather than to the states. The railroad opened the way for the settlement of the West, provided new economic opportunities, stimulated the development of town and communities, and tied the country together. -
Lincoln's ideas for reconstruction included the Ten-Percent Plan, saying that a southern state could be readmitted into the union once 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the Union. The states also had to recognize the permanent freedom of formerly enslaved people. The plan was unpopular with some Abolitionists including Frederick Douglass. -
The Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the former Confederate states, into five military districts. With the southern states slowly gaining full political participation in the Union. It also required that all Voters were to be registered; as well as white men who took an extended loyalty oath. State were also to draft new governing documents providing for black male suffrage. -
The painter John Gast, uses his painting to tell the message that the United States is destined to expand West. The painting is now located in the Autry Museum of the American West, Los Angeles, California. Manifest Destiny, a phrase coined in 1845, is the idea that the United States is destined—by God—to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent. -
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, also called Custer's Last Stand, marked the most decisive Native American victory and the worst U.S. Army defeat in the long Plains Indian War. Within an hour, the Sioux and Cheyenne had killed Custer and every one of his men. The battle has been ennobled as “Custer's Last Stand”—but in truth, Custer and his men never stood a fighting chance. This outraged many white Americans and confirmed their image of the Indians as wild and bloodthirsty. -
Booker T. Washington was an American educator and reformer, and the most influential spokesman for Black Americans between 1895 and 1915. He believed that African Americans must concentrate on educating themselves, learning trades, and investing in their own businesses. He wanted to prove to the whites the value of black Americans to the American economy. In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Institute- cementing his name in history. Tuskegee's provided students with academic and vocational training. -
A labor protest rallynear Chicago’s Haymarket Square turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. Eight radical labor activists were convicted in connection with the bombing. The Haymarket Riot was viewed as a setback for the organized labor movement in America, which was fighting for rights like the eight-hour workday. At the same time, many in the labor movement viewed the convicted men as martyrs. -
minus the Haymarket Square Riotm, Tammany Hall, and Booker T. Washington.
-
The Dawes Act of 1887 regulated land rights on tribal territories within the United States. In Indian Territory, a commission seized more than 15 million “surplus” acres from Native tribes by 1894, opening the way for whites to create the state of Oklahoma out of the last federal territory set aside for Native peoples. It also was designed to destroy the social fabric of tribal life and the traditional way of life for many American Indian tribes. -
Andrew Carnegie created the term Gospel of Wealth to explain his vision for a better America. Carnegie was a steel tycoon and once the wealthiest man in the world. He built up the American Steel industry from the ground up. Carnegie believed that was the responsibility of the elite to manage their wealth in a way that benefits society and ties together all social classes. By the time of his death, Carnegie had distributed $350 million. -
Hull House was a settlement house in Chicago, Illinois, founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Hull House became, "a community of university women" whose primary purpose was to provide social and educational opportunities for working-class people (many of them recent European immigrants) in the surrounding neighborhood. Classes were held in literature, history, art, and domestic activities. It also held free concerts, and lectures on current issues. -
The Rough Riders were the first U.S. Volunteer Cavalry regiment in the Spanish-American War commanded by Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry. Seven Oklahoman Rough Riders were killed, and twenty-seven were wounded in Cuba. -
When the Hawaiian islands were formally annexed by the U.S. is marked the end of an internal struggle between Hawaiian natives and businessmen for control over the Hawaiian government. Hawaii extended U.S. territory into the Pacific and created economic integration and the rise of the U.S as a Pacific power. Nearly half the Native Hawaiians signed a petition to Congress opposing annexation. Liliu'okalani, the former queen went to Washington, several times to plead for the rights of Hawaiians. -
The Spanish American War ended with the Treaty of Paris after the Battle of Asomante. The US captured many Spanish prisoners and Manila. Spain lost all of its overseas empires-- Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines Islands, Guam, and other islands-- to the United States. Cuba was guaranteed their independence. -
The Panama Canal was built to lower the distance, cost, and time it took for ships to carry cargo between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. However it more so symbolized the U.S's technological and economic powerr over other countries. The Canal was a major foreign policy achievement for the U.S, and was used in American-South American relations. Teddy Roosevelt oversaw the project, wanting to make an impression on the global stage. -
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce and laid a foundation for the nation’s first consumer protection agency, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It showed a shift in the use of government powers to enhance consumer protection by requiring that foods and drugs bear truthful labeling statements and meet certain standards for purity and strength. -
Upton Sinclair was a famous novelist and social crusader from California, who pioneered the kind of journalism known as "muckraking." The Jungle was an expose of the appalling and unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry. His description of diseased, rotten, and contaminated meat shocked the public and led to new federal food safety laws.
The main theme of The Jungle is the evil of capitalism and the effects of poverty. -
The Great Migration was a large movement of Black Americans from South to North. During WW1, southern rural farm laborers moved northward to cities in search of higher wages in industrial jobs and better social and political opportunities. Starting in 1910, more than 6 million African Americans moved to the North, creating black communities, and starting the Harlem Renaissance. Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Cleveland saw the biggest increases. -
The Telegram, written by German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann, proposed a military alliance against the United States. Addressed to the German Minister in Mexico, it offered United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause. Germany wanted to prevent U.S. entry into World War I, however, this message caused public outrage and was a main factor in the U.S. joining WWI. -
Wilson's Fourteen points were a proposal for postwar peace after WW1. Some of the conditions included open diplomacy, free trade, a decrease in armaments, and the adjustment of colonial claims. These points ultimately failed, as Wilson didn't account for the claims of France and Britain (+other allies). Wilson also accepted any compromise of the point as long as the treaty provide for the League of Nations (which also failed). Europe wasn't interested in peace, just retribution. -
The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote, ensuring that no American citizen could be denied the right to vote because of their sex. The fight for women's suffrage was complex and interwoven with issues of civil and political rights for all Americans. The efforts of women like Ida B. Wells and Alice Paul led to the passage of the 19th Amendment. After ratification, child mortality rates decreased by up to 15%, and there was a significant increase in spending for schools. -
The Treaty of Versailles formally ended WW1. The treaty required that Germany pay reparations to the Allies, disarm the country, lose significant territory, and give up all of its overseas colonies. The Big 3 wanted to stop a war from ever happening again, but they did not agree about how to do this; everybody wanted different things from the peace.
By placing the burden of war guilt entirely on Germany, they helped pave the way for WW2. -
Started by the Great Migration during WW1, the Harlem Renaissance was an explosion of black culture and community in Northern America. African Americans across the country were given a new spirit of self-determination and pride, social consciousness, and commitment to political activism (foundation for the 1970's Civil Rights Movement).
Image result for Harlem Renaissance works
Famous artists of the Harlem Renaissance included: W.E.B. Du Bois, Claude McKay, Langton Hughes, and Duke Ellington. -
During the 1920s, cultural conflict and modernization helped resuscitate the Ku Klux Klan. Many white Protestant Americans in the North and Midwest were fearful that immigrants were changing traditional American culture, and they responded with anti-Catholicism and anti-Semitism. In the mid-1920 membership had grown to between 2.5 and 4 million. The Klan eventually fell when members were repulsed by its violence, hypocrisy, and poor leadership. -
After serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the USSR establishment, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Vladimir Lenin's death. Stalin was the face for the international Marxist–Leninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. After Lenin's death, Stalin began traveling across the USSR to deliver lectures on Leninist philosophy and used his position to expel critics within the Communist Party and tightened his grip on the party. -
The Model T was the first-mass produced car the was affordable enough for the general public. In 1909 a new Model T cos $850, but in 1924 it had gone down to only $260. The average assembly line worker could purchase one with fourth month's pay. The Model T was manufactured on the Ford Motor Company's moving assembly line at Ford's Highland Park Plant. This assembly line increased efficiency in the plants allowing 9,000 cars to manufactured in a day! -
The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes trial, was opportunity to challenge Tennessee's Butler Act, which forbade the teaching of evolution. This trial questioned the constitutionality of the bill, advocated for the legitimacy of Darwin's theory of evolution, and enhanced the profile of the American Civil Liberties Union. It also change the perspective of many Americans, with people becoming more cognizant of the need to legally separate the teaching of theology from scientific education. -
The first Stock Market Crash in American history was caused by the 1920's period of great spending, investing, and economic growth. This growth in the market was almost instantaneous, causing instability and an unsustainable economy. Federal Reserve leaders didn't respond to the event or support the financial system- causing the country to sink into the Great Depression.
Many banks failed due to their poor cash reserves, many shut. It took some investors more than 26 years to break even. -
The Dust Bowl was a period of dust storms that damages the agriculture and ecology of Plains America. Due to overproduction and the removal of natural grasses, the soil in Plains America quickly eroded. Paired with a server drought at the time led to masses of dust storms, famine, diseases, and deaths. Over 2.5 million people left the Dust Bowl states, moving west to California. -
The Bonus Army was a group of jobless WW1 veterans who wanted to receive their bonus payments now, for their services in WW1, rather than in 1945. They marched around Washington DC and camped outside the White House. General Douglas MacArthur led the current Army troops, to disperse the camp. The camp was set on fire, permanently removing the Bonus Army. This caused lots of backlash for the White House- with people questioning the helpfulness of the government in this time period. -
The Banking Act of 1933, known as the Glass Steagall Act, was passes to restore the nation's confidence In the national banking system. It separated commercial banking from investment banking and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. This act came after President FDR declared a banking holiday temporarily closing all U.S. banks, and 4,000 commercial banks failed. This marked one of the biggest banking reforms in the U.S, and change how we do banking today. -
FDR created the WPA to lift America out of the Great Depression. It was designed to provide relief for the unemployed by providing jobs and income. More than 8.5 million Americans worked for the WPA. It mostly hired unskilled men to carry out public works infrastructure projects. It built more than 4,00 new school buildings, and 29,000 new bridges. It was the largest of Roosevelt's New Deal agencies. -
In his Four Freedoms Speech, FDR stated the goals of America entering WW2. The freedom of speech, the freedom of worship, the freedom from want, and the freedom from fear. These freedoms gave hope on both the home and war front and symbolized America as a hole. Roosevelt also stated that he wanted “a world attainable in our own time and generation".- his vision for the world. FDR delivered his speech in his annual address to Congress. -
Also known as the Normandy Landings, D-day was the largest invasion force in human history. It brought together the land, air, and sea force of three different armies. More than 156,000 Allied troops were assembled on the Beachhead in Normandy, France to liberate Western Europe and defeat Nazi Germany. All the careful planning, specially designed vehicles, and months of training couldn't save the thousands of men who lost their lives in Normandy. General Dwight D. Eisenhower led the invasion. -
The Yalta Conference was the WW2 meeting between the United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. At the meeting the countries discussed the reorganization of German y and Europe- eventual deciding to split Germany into four zones of occupation after the war. Joseph Stalin's main goal at the Yalta Conference was to secure the spread of communism into Soviet-occupied territories. While Truman did not want to repeat the mistakes of Versailles. -
Hiroshima is a city on Japan's Honshu Island, and Nagasaki on on Kyushu, was the first military target of a nuclear weapon in human history. Between the two bombings between 129,000 and 226,000 were killed. The bombs used were created during the Manhattan Project by Robert Oppenheimer.American wanted to quicken Japan's surrender to end WW2 and stop Ally deaths. In the days following the bombings Japan surrendered. -
The Baby Boomers were the post WW2 generation- during the baby boom 78.3 million Americans were born. The increase was largely the result of the renewed confidence and security that followed the economic hardships and uncertainties of the Great Depression and World War II. Boomers have strained public education, postsecondary education, the labor market, and the housing market. As they retire they will also strain the Social Security system. -
The first Levittown was developed and open on Long Isladnd , New York. They set out to build one of the first uniform suburban community in the US Levittown was designed to provide a large amount of housing at a time when there was a high demand for affordable family homes. This suburban development would become a symbol of the "American Dream" as it allowed thousands of families to become home owners. Levittown brought about a new post-war culture emphasizing conformity and uniformity. -
Jackie Robinson was the first African American professional baseball player to play in the Major League. He played first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Branch Rickey signed Jackie because of his innovation, determination to desegregate, business sense, and idealism. Jackie could handle anything the MLB threw at him, and did it with grace and pride. Jackies number, 42, has be retired so he can be honored for all of time. -
the Kinsey Report was a scholarly book on human sexual behavior. Over 200,00 American purchase copies, and it became a cultural phenomenon and the subject f conversation, jokes, and songs. It is associated with a change in public perception of sexuality and is considered part of the most successful and influential scientific books of the 20th century. Kinsey believed that sexuality is fluid and subject to change over time- a fundamentally post-war idea. -
Also known as the Economic Recovery Act, preposed that the United States would provide finance Ade to restore the economic and physical infrastructure of postwar Europe. The plan also aimed to prevent the spread of communism in Western Europe, and instead promote capitalism and democracy. While $13.6 Billion dollars were put into Europe, the American economy was also stimulated with new investments and markets. -
To provide security against the Soviet Union, America, Canada, and Western European countries created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO's fundamental goal is to safeguard its member's freedom and security by political and military means. It also protects democracy, individual liberty ,and peaceful resolution of disputes. NATO is the first military alliance that American had made outside of the Western Hemisphere. Nato still stands today with 31 member countries. -
The Warren Court expanded civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and federal power in dramatic ways. It has been widely recognized that the court, led by the liberal bloc, has created a major "Constitutional Revolution" in the history of the United States. Notable cases from the Warren Court include Brown v. Board of Education (equal protection) and Gideon v. Wainwright (criminal trials). Earl Warren was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court - appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. -
These Accords established a ceasefire in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam- ending the First Indochina War. It also resolved issues left over from the Korean War. The conference was ultimately a failure because the parties did not reach an agreement and the naval arms race continued after the conference. The terms set by the Accords were not considered binding. Many nations became concerned about the threat of another war and the possibility of an arms race. -
Created by President Eisenhower, the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways created nearly 45,000 miles of road. It was made to make coast to coast transportation more efficient, and make it easy to get out of big cities in case of an atomic attack. The growth of transportation allows for suburban sprawl to grow swell. This moved the population away from big cities in to suburbs. In rural areas, the interstate made less expensive land more accessible and encouraged development. -
Organized by CORE, the Freedom Ride challenged segregation on interstate buses and their terminal. After the Boynton v. Virginia Supreme Court case that determined that segregation of interstate transportation facilities was unconstitutional-CORE wanted to put the changes to the test. More than 450 people participated in these rides after being given training. The Riders got the attention of the Kennedy Administration and began connections between Civil Rights and government leaders. -
This crisis began when an American spy plane photograph nuclear missile sites being built on Cuba, suposbldy by the Soviets. President Kennedy order a blockade around Cuba to prevent any ships transporting weapons to/from Cuba. Kennedy did have the option of launching an air strike agist the sites- however the issue was peacefully resolved. The leader of the Soviets, Khrushchev, agreed that the Soviets would remove the missile in exchange for the promise the the U.S wouldn't invade Cuba. -
Also known as Fair Housing Act, this act prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex. This act was passed after the assassination of Dr.King and mass riots broke out in 100 cities. To stop the riots President Johnson pressured Congress to pass Civil Rights legislation. Since the passage of the Fair Housing Act, people have brought many cases of housing discrimination to court and have won those legal battles. -
Neil Armstrong became the first human to step on the moon during the Apollo 11 mission. Edwin Aldrin and Mike Collins were the two other Astronauts on this mission- together they spent 21 hours on the surface. Armstrong and Aldrin collected 47.5 pounds of lunar material to bring back to Earth as pilot Collins flew the Command Module Columbia in lunar orbit. It fulfilled the 1961 goal set by President John F. Kennedy to send American astronauts to the surface, before the end of the decade. -
The Watergate Scandal occurred after the break in of the Democratic National Committee Headquarters at the Washington D.C Watergate Office Building.The problems began when the Nixon administration attempted to cover up their involvement with the break in. After the firing of multiple high government officials and the discovery of White House tape recordings- the public's view of Nixon had been confirmed. Before Nixon could be impeached, he resigned from office. -
A group of political agreement signify by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister- monitored by Jimmy Carter. These agreements established a framework for a historic peace treaty concluded between Israel and Egypt in March 1979. It also established diplomatic relations between Egypt and Israel, opening the Suez Canal to Israeli ships. By montoring these agreements, Carter was able to keep the U.S's foot in the Middle East. -
Jimmy Carter's speech, Crisis of Confidence, was meant to bring back the nation's trust in the hope of a better future. While in good faith- he was suspicious and clearly avoided blame. President Carter outlined his plans to reduce oil imports and improve energy efficiency. He also encouraged citizens to do what they could to reduce their use of energy. Carter knew that the situation would progressively worsen and his speech caused widespread distrust in the government. -
The Berlin Wall fell after political reforms inside the Soviet bloc, escalating pressure from the people of eastern Europe and, confusion over an East German directive to open the border. The Fall was the first step towards German reunification, and the first sign of peace in a revolution. The political, economic and social impact of the fall of the Berlin Wall further weakened the already unstable East German government. Germany reunited 11 months after the fall of the Berlin Wall. -
The Hubble Telescope was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on the space shuttle Discovery. Edwin Hubble from NASA, was the primary creator of the telescope- meaning it transform our understanding of the universe. It was designed as a general-purpose observatory to explore the universe in visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths. The telescope has studied more than 40,000 cosmic objects, providing views astronomers were unable to capture from the ground. -
The Gulf War was an armed campaign by an U.N military group in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. The invasion of Kuwait led to a United Nations Security Council embargo and sanctions on Iraq and a U.S.-led coalition air and ground war. The Gulf War only lasted 43 days, due to the U.S's integrated diplomatic, military, and economic instruments of power. It exhibited mastery of new and old military techniques and capabilities. -
9/11 was the coordinated terrorist attack created by al-Qaeda, on the United States. The attacks involved the hijacking of four planes- all of which crashed and were destroyed. Two flights were flown into the World Trade Center's two towers, one hit the Pentagon, and the other crash-landed in Pennsylvania after passengers fought back. These attacks killed 2,977 people and injured thousands. It took over eight months, to complete the cleanup and recovery at Ground Zero.