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Columbus led a total of four expeditions to the "New World," exploring various Caribbean islands, the Gulf of Mexico, and the South and Central American mainlands,
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widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th.
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European ships were traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe.
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The Spanish colonists abused the encomienda system, essentially rendering it a system of slave labor.
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In Spanish America racial categories were registered at local parishes upon baptism as required by the Spanish Crown.
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trade among three ports or regions.
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The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade.
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Smallpox is believed to have arrived in the Americas in 1520 on a Spanish ship sailing from Cuba, carried by an infected African slave.
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He used deadly force to conquer Mexico, fighting Tlaxacan and Cholula warriors before turning his attention on the ultimate prize: taking over the Aztec Empire.
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Henry VIII decided to separate the entire country of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry VIII established the Church of England after his split with the Pope.
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The Virginia Company of London was a joint-stock company chartered by King James I in 1606 to establish a colony in North America.
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In 1607, 104 English men and boys arrived in North America to start a settlement. On May 13 they picked Jamestown, Virginia for their settlement, which was named after their King, James I.
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The colonial history of the United States covers the history of European colonization of America from the early 16th century until the incorporation of the colonies into the United States of America.
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while seeking routes through the continent, established relationships with Amerindians and continued to expand the trade of fur pelts for items considered 'common' by the Europeans.
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Rolfe began cultivating tobacco seeds grown in the West Indies; he probably obtained them from Trinidad or some other Caribbean location.
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On August 20, 1619, “20 and odd” Angolans, kidnapped by the Portuguese, arrive in the British colony of Virginia and are then bought by English colonists.
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The House of Burgesses was the first elected general assembly in the colonies, paving the way for the democratic society formed during the Revolution.
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it became part of the Dominion of New England Genealogy in 1686;
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the first governing document of Plymouth Colony.
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John Mason and Ferdinando Gorges were given a land grant by the Council for New England.
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Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant surrenders New Amsterdam, the capital of New Netherland, to an English naval squadron under Colonel Richard Nicolls.
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John Winthrop used this phrase to describe the Massachusetts Bay colony
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founded in 1632 as a safe haven for English Catholics fleeing anti-Catholic persecution in Europe.
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Rhode Island became a haven for Baptists, Quakers, Jews and other religious minorities.
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The Delaware Colony was founded in 1638 by Peter Minuit and New Sweden Company.
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It describe the government set up by the Connecticut River towns, setting its structure and powers. They wanted the government to have access to the open ocean for trading.
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The act was meant to ensure freedom of religion for Christian settlers of diverse persuasions in the colony.
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Carolina is derived from the Latin name Carolus, translated as "Charles." The state was named in honor Charles IX of France and then King Charles I and King Charles II of England.
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Iroquois confederacy consisted of the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas.
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The Navigation Acts were a series of laws passed by the British Parliament that imposed restrictions on colonial trade.
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South Carolina, part of the original Province of Carolina, was founded in 1663 when King Charles II gave the land to eight noble men known as the Lords Proprietors.
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European discovery of New York was led by the Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 followed by the first land claim in 1609 by the Dutch.
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The New Jersey Colony was originally named the Province of New Jersey, after the British island named Jersey.
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King Philip's War was an armed conflict in 1675–1678 between indigenous inhabitants of New England and New England colonists
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Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion by Virginia settlers that took place in 1676. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley.
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known as Popé's Rebellion or Popay's Rebellion– was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, larger than present-day New Mexico.
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Persecuted in England for his Quaker faith, Penn came to America in 1682 and established Pennsylvania as a place where people could enjoy freedom of religion.
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was centered around the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy
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Harvard University possesses the title of America's oldest learning institution, founded in 1636.
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Two Treatises of Government, major statement of the political philosophy of the English philosopher John Locke
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The bill outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament power over the monarchy.
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a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts
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Salutary neglect, policy of the British government from the early to mid-18th century regarding its North American colonies under which trade regulations for the colonies were laxly enforced and imperial supervision of internal colonial affairs was loose as long as the colonies remained loyal to the British government
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The Great Awakening was a religious revival that impacted the English colonies in America during the 1730s and 1740s.
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started the colony as a debtor's refuge in 1732, as an alternative to English debtors' prison.
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It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies, with 25 colonists and 35 to 50 Africans killed.
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The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years' War.
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now also known as the First Industrial Revolution, was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
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The war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America, but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution.
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the proclamation line, separating the British colonies on the Atlantic coast from American Indian lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.
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The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War.
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Republican Motherhood represents a belief that mothers were responsible for raising children to practice the principles of republicanism, thus making them perfect citizens of a new country.
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Republican Motherhood represents a belief that mothers were responsible for raising children to practice the principles of republicanism, thus making them perfect citizens of a new country.
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in U.S. colonial history, British legislation aimed at ending the smuggling trade in sugar and molasses from the French and Dutch West Indies
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an act regulating stamp duty (a tax on the legal recognition of documents).
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the Quartering Act, outlining the locations and conditions in which British soldiers are to find room and board in the American colonies.
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The Townshend Acts were a series of measures, passed by the British Parliament in 1767
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British soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in Boston.
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The principal objective was to reduce the massive amount of tea held by the financially troubled British East India Company in its London warehouses and to help the financially struggling company survive.
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The Boston Tea Party was a political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773.
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the First Continental Congress to organize colonial resistance to Parliament's Coercive Acts.
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The Intolerable Acts were punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party.
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The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.
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The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the 13 colonies
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Advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies.
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Washington was selected over other candidates such as John Hancock based on his previous military experience and the hope that a leader from Virginia could help unite the colonies.
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Benjamin Franklin was appointed minister to France in 1778,
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Declaration of Independence is the pronouncement adopted by the Second Continental Congress
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Smith published The Theory of Moral Sentiments. His book looked at human nature and ethics.
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It included two crucial battles, fought eighteen days apart, and was a decisive victory for the Continental Army and a crucial turning point in the Revolutionary War.
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Valley Forge functioned as the third of eight winter encampments for the Continental Army's main body, commanded by General George Washington
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Articles of Confederation was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution.
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The abolitionist movement was the social and political effort to end slavery everywhere.
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at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington
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The Treaty of Paris was signed by U.S. and British Representatives
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Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts and Worcester in response to a debt crisis among the citizenry and in opposition to the state government's
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Federalist Papers is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay
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the Convention had been officially called to revise the existing Articles of Confederation, many delegates had much bigger plans.
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The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government.
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an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787
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Three-fifths Compromise was a compromise reached among state delegates during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention.
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rioters stormed the Bastille fortress in an attempt to secure gunpowder and weapons; many consider this event, now commemorated in France as a national holiday, as the start of the French Revolution.
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James Madison wrote the amendments, which list specific prohibitions on governmental power, in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties.
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the commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, is unanimously elected the first president of the United States by all 69 presidential electors who cast their votes.
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Washington held his first full cabinet meeting on November 26, 1791, with Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph
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Congress declared the city of Washington in the District of Columbia, the permanent capital of the United States.
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During this revival, meetings were held in small towns and large cities throughout the country, and the unique frontier institution known as the camp meeting began.
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a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington
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Hamilton proposed a national bank. Congress approved the idea in 1791. It could lend the government money and pay off state debts.
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the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber.
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George Washington advised American citizens to view themselves as a cohesive unit and avoid political parties and issued a special warning to be wary of attachments and entanglements with other nations.
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Hamilton's group became the Federalists, while Jefferson's faction adopted the name "Democratic Republicans."
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Before his presidency, he was a leader of the American Revolution that He was the only president elected under the banner of the Federalist Party.
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diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War. U.S. and French negotiators restored peace with the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine.
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a series of four laws passed by the U.S. Congress in 1798 amid widespread fear that war with France was imminent.
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political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799 in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.
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in the United States was a drastic change in the manual-labor system originating in the South (and soon moving to the North) and later spreading to the entire world.
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Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party defeated incumbent President John Adams of the Federalist Party.
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The idea of this domesticity was practiced in 1820, however, the ideology was not recognized and truly followed until the 1840s and 1850.
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a widely held cultural belief in the 19th-century United States that American settlers were destined to expand across North America.
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His overriding goal as president was the promotion of political democracy and the physical expansion of the country to provide land for a nation of citizen -farmers.
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Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive in 1802.
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established the principle of judicial review—the power of the federal courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional. The unanimous opinion was written by Chief Justice John Marshall.
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the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France in 1803.
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The Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney decisively.
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members of Congress who put pressure on President James Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812
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President James Madison signed a declaration of war against Great Britain, marking the beginning of the War of 1812.
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It was a practice that directly affected the U.S. and was even one of the causes of the War of 1812. The British navy consistently suffered manpower shortages due to the low pay and a lack of qualified seamen.
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"The Star-Spangled Banner". Key observed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in 1814 during the War of 1812.
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the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain.
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the first political party in the United States.
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The “era” proved to be a temporary lull in personal and political leadership clashes while new issues were emerging.
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also known as the Dallas Tariff, is notable as the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from overseas competition.
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With little Federalist opposition, he easily won re-election in 1820.
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Minister Onís and Secretary Adams reached an agreement whereby Spain ceded East Florida to the United States and renounced all claim to West Florida. Spain received no compensation, but the United States agreed to assume liability for $5 million in damage done by American citizens who rebelled against Spain.
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an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
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a form of voting rights in which all adult male citizens
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a United States policy that opposed European colonialism in the Americas.
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American System was an economic plan that played an important role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century.
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A fleet of boats, led by Governor Dewitt Clinton aboard the Seneca Chief sailed from Buffalo to New York City in record time—just ten days.
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In 1809, Adams was appointed as the U.S. ambassador to Russia by President James Madison, a member of the Democratic-Republican Party
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incorporated as the Town of Lowell in 1826, by 1840, the textile mills employed almost 8,000 workers — mostly women between the ages of 15 and 35.
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an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829
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the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, assembled by Henry Clay from the National Republicans and from other opponents of Jackson.
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The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Native American tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for white settlement of their ancestral lands.
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Congress passed a series of laws reforming U.S. policy on acquiring public lands.
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It officially emerged around 1830. Abolitionism started in states like New York and Massachusetts and quickly spread to other Northern states.
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Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma.
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a weekly abolitionist newspaper, printed and published in Boston by William Lloyd Garrison and, through 1839, by Isaac Knapp.
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President Andrew Jackson announces that the government will no longer use the Second Bank of the United States, the country's national bank, on September 10, 1833.
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Nullification crisis, in U.S. history, confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832–33 over the former's attempt to declare null and void within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832.
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The Texas Revolution was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos in putting up armed resistance to the centralist government of Mexico.
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American educator, the first great American advocate of public education, who believed that, in a democratic society, education should be free and universal, nonsectarian, democratic in method, and reliant on well
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over seven and a half million immigrants came to the United States more than the entire population of the country in 1810.
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the federal government subsidized and controlled the nation's first telegraph wire—a Washington to Baltimore line built by Samuel Morse.
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Her efforts on behalf of the mentally ill and prisoners helped create dozens of new institutions across the United States and in Europe and changed people's perceptions of these populations.
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Democrat James K. Polk defeated Whig Henry Clay in a close contest turning on the controversial issues
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First published in 1881 and revised in 1892, three years before his death, the book covers events both during and after the Civil War.
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With the support of President-elect Polk, Tyler managed to get the joint resolution passed on March 1, 1845, and Texas was admitted into the United States on December 29.
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The Irish Potato Famine, also known as the Great Hunger, began in 1845 when a fungus-like organism called Phytophthora infestans (or P. infestans) spread rapidly throughout Ireland.
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In 1855 Douglass published his second autobiography, My Bondage and My Freedom. The final autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, was published in 1881.
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Originally claimed by several countries (see Oregon Country), the region was divided between the UK and the US in 1846.
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the United States Congress declared war on Mexico after a request from President James K. Polk.
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The Wilmot Proviso was an unsuccessful 1846 proposal in the United States Congress to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican–American War.
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The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention in the United States. Held in July 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, the meeting launched the women's suffrage movement, which more than seven decades later ensured women the right to vote.
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This treaty, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the war between the United States and Mexico.
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The “Mexican Cession” refers to lands surrendered, or ceded, to the United States by Mexico at the end of the Mexican War.
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The Free Soil Party was a short-lived coalition political party in the United States active from 1848 to 1854, when it merged into the Republican Party.
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The California Gold Rush was a gold rush that began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California.
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Passed on September 18, 1850 by Congress, The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was part of the Compromise of 1850.
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The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850 that defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired in the Mexican–American War.
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On September 17, 1849, Harriet, Ben and Henry escaped their Maryland plantation. She soon returned to the south to lead her niece and her niece's children to Philadelphia via the Underground Railroad.
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For the newspaper serialization of her novel, Stowe was paid $400. Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in book form on March 20, 1852, by John P. Jewett with an initial print run of 5,000 copies.
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The Gadsden Purchase, or Treaty, was an agreement between the United States and Mexico, finalized in 1854, in which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico.
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act was an 1854 bill that mandated “popular sovereignty”–allowing settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state's borders.
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Bleeding Kansas is the term used to describe the period of violence during the settling of the Kansas territory
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March 20, 1854, Ripon, WI
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The Caning of Charles Sumner, or the Brooks–Sumner Affair, occurred on May 22, 1856, in the United States Senate, when Representative Preston Brooks, a pro-slavery Democrat from South Carolina,
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Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, often referred to as the Dred Scott decision, was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court in which the Court held that the US Constitution was not meant to
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On the evening of October 16, 1859 John Brown, a staunch abolitionist, and a group of his supporters left their farmhouse hide-out en route to Harpers Ferry.
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Lincoln’s political experience and speeches spoke for themselves, but one of his main campaign goals was to keep the Republican party unified. He didn’t want his party to reveal any of the discord of the Democrats and hoped to divide the Democratic votes.
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The Battle of Fort Sumter was the bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston, South Carolina by the South Carolina militia
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On April 27, 1861, Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus between Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia
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The Confederacy was formed on February 8, 1861, by the seven secessionist slave states: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
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Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederate States of America. He ran without opposition, and the election simply confirmed
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The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865, fought between northern states loyal to the Union and southern states that had seceded to form the Confederate States of America.
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The Homestead Acts were several laws in the United States by which an applicant could acquire ownership of government land or the public domain, typically called a homestead.
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President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war.
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The Gettysburg Address is a speech that U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivered during the American Civil War
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With the loss of Pemberton's army and a Union victory at Port Hudson five days later, the Union controlled the entire Mississippi River, and the Confederacy was split in half.
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The Battle of Gettysburg was a significant Union victory considered by many to be the turning point of the Civil War.
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Andrew Johnson became President of the United States upon the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, and ended on March 4, 1869.
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Sharecropping became widespread in the South as a response to economic upheaval caused by the end of slavery during and after Reconstruction.
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Founded in 1865, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) extended into almost every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern
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In Appomattox Court House, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders his 28,000 troops to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, effectively ending the American Civil War.
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Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, was assassinated by well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, while attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Shot in the head as he watched the play, Lincoln died the following day at 7:22 am, in the Petersen
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In 1865 President Andrew Johnson implemented a plan of Reconstruction that gave the white South a free hand in regulating the transition from slavery to freedom and offered no role to blacks in the politics of the South.
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The Radical Republicans were a faction of American politicians within the Republican Party of the United States from around 1854 (before the American Civil War) until the end of Reconstruction in 1877.
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the 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States and provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States
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The United States Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, commonly known as the Freedmen's Bureau, was created by Congress in 1865 to assist in the political and social reconstruction of post-war Southern states and to help formerly enslaved people make the transition from slavery to freedom and citizenship.
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Black codes were restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force
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Scalawag, after the American Civil War, a pejorative term for a white Southerner who supported the federal plan of Reconstruction or who joined with black freedmen and the so-called carpetbaggers in support of Republican Party policies.
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The Reconstruction era, the period in American history that lasted from 1863 to 1877 following the American Civil War
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The impeachment of Andrew Johnson was initiated on February 24, 1868, when the United States House of Representatives resolved to impeach Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, for "high crimes and misdemeanors," which were detailed in 11 articles of impeachment.
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The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.
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One hundred and fifty years ago on May 10, 1869, university founder Leland Stanford drove the last spike that marked the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad.
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Nativism is the political policy of promoting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants, including the support of immigration-restriction
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Born into modest circumstances in upstate New York, he entered the then-fledgling oil business in 1863 by investing in a Cleveland, Ohio refinery.
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The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
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On February 25, 1870, Revels, on a party-line vote of 48 to 8, with Republicans voting in favor and Democrats voting against, became the first African American to be seated in the United States Senate
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The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development in the latter half of the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe
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Social Darwinists held that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by “survival of the fittest,” a phrase proposed by the British philosopher and scientist Herbert Spencer.
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With the industrialization of the South came economic change, migration, immigration and population growth. Light industry moved offshore but has been replaced to a degree by auto manufacturing, tourism and energy production.
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Jim Crow law, any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the U.S. South from the end of Reconstruction to the mid-20th century.
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the main local political machine of the Democratic Party, and played a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s.
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American inventor, scientist, and teacher of the deaf whose foremost accomplishments were the invention of the telephone (1876) and the refinement of the phonograph
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The Reconstruction era, the period in American history that lasted from 1863 to 1877 following the American Civil War, marked a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States.
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The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the Northern United States and the Western United States.
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Still life of the first electric light bulb, invented by Thomas Alva Edison in 1879 and patented on January 27, 1880.
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The period between about 1881 and 1920 brought more than 23 million new immigrants from all parts of the world, but mostly from Europe, to the United States.
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The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.
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The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act is a United States federal law passed by the 47th United States Congress and signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur on January 16, 1883.
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The Haymarket massacre was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago.
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The Dawes Act of 1887 regulated land rights on tribal territories within the United States.
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The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices.
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"Wealth", more commonly known as "The Gospel of Wealth", is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility
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Hull House was a settlement house in Chicago, Illinois, United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. -
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices.
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Studies among the Tenements of New York (1890) is an early publication of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s. -
a history of naval warfare published in 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan. Its policies were quickly adopted by most major navies, ultimately leading to the World War I naval arms race. -
The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government. -
a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States of America that spanned the 1890s to the 1920s.
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Imperialism is a policy or ideology of extending the rule over peoples and other countries, for extending political and economic access, power and control, often through employing hard power, especially military force, but also soft power.
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Over the next few decades, he created a steel empire, maximizing profits and minimizing inefficiencies through ownership of factories, raw materials and transportation infrastructure involved in steel making.
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The Homestead strike, also known as the Homestead steel strike or Homestead massacre, was an industrial lockout and strike which began on July 1, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892.
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The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States that lasted from May 11 to July 20, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law.
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Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.
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the Joint Resolution passed and the Hawaiian islands were officially annexed by the United States. -
The Spanish–American War was an armed conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898. -
The Open Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900. -
Big stick ideology, big stick diplomacy, or big stick policy refers to President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy: "speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." -
Theodore Roosevelt Jr., often referred to as Teddy Roosevelt or his initials T. R., was an American statesman, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer, who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909
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Following the failure of a French construction team in the 1880s, the United States commenced building a canal across a 50-mile stretch of the Panama isthmus in 1904. -
The Jungle is a 1906 novel by the American journalist and novelist Upton Sinclair. -
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws which was enacted by Congress in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. -
Henry Ford wanted the Model T to be affordable, simple to operate, and durable. -
In 1909, Du Bois was among the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and from 1910 to 1934 served it as director of publicity and research, a member of the board of directors, and founder and editor of The Crisis, its monthly magazine. -
William Howard Taft was the 27th president of the United States and the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, the only person to have held both offices
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The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states on the basis of population. -
The Federal Reserve Act was passed by the 63rd United States Congress and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on December 23, 1913. -
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921
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The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the direct election of United States senators in each state. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary. -
Gas was especially effective against troops in trenches and bunkers that protected them from other weapons. Most chemical weapons attacked an individual's -
World War I was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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The sinking of the Cunard ocean liner RMS Lusitania occurred on Friday, 7 May 1915 during the First World War, as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom which had implemented a naval blockade of Germany. -
The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the federal government of the United States that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. -
The Zimmermann Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the United States entered World War I against Germany. -
Along with news of the Zimmerman telegram threatening an alliance between Germany and Mexico, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. -
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution across the territory of the Russian Empire, commencing with the abolition of the monarchy in 1917 and concluding in 1922 with the Bolshevik establishment of the Soviet Union at the end of the Civil War. -
The Meuse–Argonne offensive was a major part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire Western Front. -
the infusion of American troops and resources into the western front finally tipped the scale in the Allies' favor. Germany signed an armistice agreement with the Allies on November 11, 1918. -
The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. -
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. -
The Eighteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States. -
The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex. -
"Return to normalcy" was United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding's campaign slogan for the election of 1920. -
A Red Scare is the promotion of a widespread fear of a potential rise of communism or anarchism by a society or state. -
The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural revival of African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater and politics centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, spanning the 1920s and 1930s. -
The Roaring Twenties was a decade of economic growth and widespread prosperity, driven by recovery from wartime devastation and deferred spending, a boom in construction, and the rapid growth of consumer goods such as automobiles and electricity in North America and Europe and a few other developed countries
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The Teapot Dome scandal was a bribery scandal involving the administration of United States President Warren G. Harding from 1921 to 1923. -
He served as both General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). -
The Scopes Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was an American legal case in July 1925 in which a high school -
As Charles Lindbergh piloted the Spirit of St. Louis down the dirt runway of Roosevelt Field in New York on May 20, 1927, many doubted he would successfully cross the Atlantic Ocean. -
The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre was the 1929 murder of seven members and associates of Chicago's North Side Gang that occurred on Saint Valentine's Day. -
The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash, was a major American stock market crash that occurred in the autumn of 1929.
