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After being 7 separate states for decades, growing nationalist sentiments set the Unification of Italy into motion. For years, secret societies laid the social framework and outlined a plan to finally unite the Italian states. -
In the 15th Century, the Fall of Constantinople marked the Ottoman Empire's occupation of Greece. The Greeks initially put up a fight, but the Ottomans with the help of Egyptian armies crushed the revolt until Russia, Britain, and France sent naval squadrons to support the greek revolutionaries. In response to Russia invading the Ottoman Empire, the Treaty of Adrianople was signed in 1829, officially recognizing Greek independence. -
As Constantine was preparing to take the throne following the death of Alexandar I, he renounced his claim to the crown for Nicolas I. In reaction to Nicolas I assuming the throne, the Russian aristocracy organized an insurrection with the goal of disposing of him. On the 26th of December, roughly 3000 Decembrists supported by army officers began to revolt in Senate Square. Unfortunately for them, the revolt ultimately failed, and as a result Nicolas I abandoned Alexandar's modernization plans. -
With Prussia at the helm, the Zollverein was created with the goal of unifying Germany both socially and economically. This was the first time in human history when independent states created some form of an economic union without a creation of a federation as a whole.
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In Ireland, a toxic fungi spread amongst potato crops, a primary food source for the Irish. Roughly half of all potatoes in Ireland were ruined, and mass food shortages began to spread across the country. About a million Irish are estimated to have died from complications related to the Great Hunger, and thousands of others had left the country as refugees. The British parliament attempted to rectify this but failed legislatively. The Potato Famine ended in 1852. -
Caused largely in part to the influx of liberal political theory, many monarchical nations experienced republican revolutions in attempts to democratize the government. -
Communist political philosophers published the crux of their ideology in one single manifesto, hoping to eventually unite the proletariat class. The Communist Manifesto marked the beginning of a more class-conscious European society. -
With insurrection threatening his control over France, Louis-Phillipe relinquished his control of the throne thus creating the Second French Republic. -
In a show of great artistry and innovation, the British monarchy hosted an exhibition of various marvels from both home and abroad. -
Religious tensions in the Ottoman Empire, specifically towards Christians in Palestine, began to boil over. Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities, and the conflict between an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottomans, and Pierdmont-Sardinia. -
The need for increased industrial production was growing in Europe, and as such a more efficient and effective way of producing metal material was necessitated. By heating pig iron, chemists were able to create a stronger metal called steel. -
As political opponents called for more liberal reforms within the Russian empire, Alexander II was forced to take action against increasingly radical groups of protestors. It was in both parties' best interests, as Alexander II needed to grow the size of the Russian military to support future military conquests. -
Under the Hapsburg house, an ethnically diverse dual monarchy was created out of the remnants of the Cisleithanian and Transleithanian states. Austria-Hungary was centrally united under one monarch who acted as king of Hungary and Emperor of Austria. Each respective state contained their own parliaments. -
Like Italy, long-lasting nationalist sentiments finally fueled the creation of the Kingdom of Germany. However, this unification was largely led by Kaisar Wilhelm II of Prussia, which led to an imbalance of power. -
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