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The printing press made newspapers cheaper, quicker, and a more efficient way to mass produce and spread information -
An internal instability with civil wars, weakening tax base with the rise of nobles and serfs, and constant invasions -
The creation of the Church of England and was apart of major trade and exploration
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Global changes between the old world to the new world, population growth between Afro-Eurasia, and exchanged staple crops -
Michelangelo was commissioned to paint the frescoes, which was a depiction of nine scenes from the book of Genesis. It took him 4 years to complete this project. -
His form is criticizing the practice of selling indulgences by the catholic church, it was claimed to provide a reduction in the time spent in purgatory. The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century religious movement that broke the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, which led to the creation of Protestant denominations -
He defended his writings against charges of heresy. His refusal to recant his beliefs in the Diet which led to him being an outcast. The Diet of Worms is an assembly held in 1521 to address Luther's teachings which led to the event of Protestant Reformation. -
His writing hoped to regain his position as a political advisor and diplomat after Prince Lorenzo de Medici came into power. -
It appointed King Henry VIII the Supreme Head of the Church of England, replacing the Pope and severing England's religious ties with Rome. The church made sure that Henry VIII can divorce his wife and only allow male heirs to the throne. -
It introduced the heliocentric model of the solar system, positioning the Sun at the center and the Earth as one of the orbiting planets. This challenged the Ptolemaic geocentric model and is considered a foundational text of the Copernican Revolution, laying the groundwork for future astronomical advances by figures like Galileo and Kepler. -
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, it provided a basis for a renewed version of the Church's era of reform and revival.
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The treaty to stop all religion wars between Catholics and Lutherans by allowing princes to choose their state's religion under the principle Cuius regio, eius religio. Cuius regio, eius religio means "whose realm, his religion." -
A targeted wave of assassinations by Catholics against Huguenots, starting in Paris spreading across France. -
It was a three-way war fought between the King Henry III of France, supported by the royalists and the politiques, King Henry of Navarre, later Henry IV of France, heir presumptive to the French throne and leader of the Huguenots, supported by Elizabeth I of England and the German protestant princes and Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, funded and supported by Philip II of Spain.
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Philip II asked Elizabeth I to mirage which she declined, Philip II got really mad and deiced to attack England with the Spanish armada but England had fire which easily sunk the ships and a more superior armada. -
A law signed by Henry IV of France to grant substantial rights to Calvinists Protestants to end religious wars against the Catholics -
Protestant nobles threw two Catholic governors out of a window which sparked a Bohemian revolt which led to the Thirty Year War due to political and religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics. The four phases of war are the Bohemian Phase, French Phase, Danish Phase, and the Swedish Phase.The Peace of Westphalia was a bunch of treaties signed between the Spain and Dutch that ended the Thirty and Eighty Year Wars with Dutch's independence.
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Royalists (supporters of Charles I) supported divine right and absolute rule while the Parliamentarians (led by Oliver Cromwell) advocated for parliamentary power leading to the English Civil War. After the Royalists lost Charles I was tried and executed, which led to the establishment of the Commonwealth. The order of the Cromwell Burger is to help understand the succession of each ruler during the English Civil War.
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Louis XIV ruled without a chief minister, embodying the state, and used Versailles to domesticate the nobility. Making the nobility depended upon the royal favor.
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Parliamentary sovereignty was established after the fear of the Catholic dynasty. Inviting limited monarchy and protestant succession, permitting the Bill of Rights after James Fleeing and Williams invasion. -
Limits the power of the monarchy; establishes constitutional monarchy
Locke’s Two Treatises on Government published -
confirming Philip V as King of Spain but ensuring the French and Spanish crowns would never unite, thus preserving Europe's balance of power and shifting colonial dominance toward Great Britain, which gained territories like Gibraltar and Nova Scotia -
A European conflict sparked by challenges to Maria Theresa's right to inherit the Habsburg throne after Charles VI died, leading major powers like France, Prussia, Britain, and Spain to fight for territory and influence, especially over Silesia. The war ended in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which restored the status but set the stage for future rivalries
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The first encyclopedia to be published
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Frederick the Great (Prussia), Louis XV (France), Maria Theresa, and George III (Britain) were key monarchs of the Seven Year War, shaping European countries. Fredrick made Prussia a major power country, Maria sought to regain lost territory but accepted that she couldn't, Louis fought for territories in the new world, and George conquered many french territories. The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War.
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This was an era of moving from agrarian to industrialization making more use of coal, iron, and the growing workforce. This started the innovations of modern day technology like steamboat, powered looms, and factory systems.
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She gained territory in the Black Sea and Poland, and influenced cultural enlightenment in western civilizations, and administered reforms while making Russia a European Power
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The Pugachev’s Rebellion was Russia's largest peasant revolt which rebels seize territory, attack landowners, and challenge imperial authority before being brutally stopped by government forces, ending with Pugachev's capture and public execution in Moscow in 1775, leading Catherine the Great to tighten control over serfs
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Adam Smith publishes “On the Wealth of Nations” explaining economics and explaining factors on national wealth. -
Triggered under Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Storming of the Bastille
National Assembly -
a successful slave revolt that led to Haiti's independence from France, making it the first free black republic and the first nation founded by former slaves, challenging global slavery and European colonial power under leaders
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Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette -
Ends French Revolution; begins Consulate -
a grand ceremony where he famously took the crown from Pope Pius VII and placed it on his own head, establishing the First French Empire and solidifying his rule after years of revolutionary change. This self-coronation symbolized his power and was a deliberate move to blend revolutionary ideals with imperial grandeur, creating a new legitimacy for his dynasty -
when Emperor Francis II abdicated under pressure from Napoleon, dissolving the thousand-year-old entity in the face of French dominance during the Napoleonic Wars. This marked the end of medieval Christendom's political structure, with German states forming the Confederation of the Rhine, paving the way for modern Germany. -
The Congress of Vienna led by Austria's Prince Metternich, established a "Conservative Order" in Europe by restoring old monarchies, creating a balance of power with buffer states, and suppressing revolutionary ideas to ensure long-term peace and stability after the Napoleonic Wars. This system, part of the broader Concert of Europe, aimed to prevent future French dominance and widespread upheaval by reinstating traditional ruling families and international cooperation among conservative powers