-
“Old Stone Age” 40000-8000 BCE in Near East 40000-4000 BCE in Europe
-
-Namibia
-25,500-25,300 BCE
-Charcoal on stone -
-Lascaux, France
-15,000-13,000 BCE
-Rock painting -
-Tequixquiac, Mexico
-14,000-7,000 BCE
-Bone -
-Jomon: 10,000 BCE-3000 BCE
-Yayoi: 900 BCE-250 CE
-Kofun: 250 CE-538 CE
-Asuka: 538 CE-710 CE
-Nara: 710 CE-794 CE
-Heian: 794 CE-1185 CE
-Kamakura: 1185 CE-1333 CE
-Kemmu Resortation: 1333 CE-1336 CE
-Muromachi: 1336 CE-1573 CE
-Azuchi-Momoyama: 1573 CE-1603 CE
-Edo: 1603 CE-1868 -
"New Stone Age" 8000-3000 BCE in Near East 4000-2000 BCE in Europe
-
-Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria
-6,000-4,000 BCE
-Pigment on rock -
-Susa, Iran
-4,200-3,500 BCE
-Painted terra-cotta -
-Arabian Peninsula
-4th Millennium BCE
-Sandstone -
-Sumerians rule from 3500 - 2340 B.C.E.
-Made up of independent city-states
-Cuneiform - earliest form of writing developed by 3000 B.C.E.
-Architecture generally consists of mud-brick -
-Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq)
-Sumerian
-3500-3000 BCE
-Mud brick -
-Predynastic Egypt
-3000-2920 B.C.E.
-Greywacke -
-Liangzhu, China
-3,300-2,200 BCE
-Carved jade -
-From the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq)
-Sumerian
-2700 B.C.E.
-Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone -
-2575-2134 BCE
-Mastabas and pyramids as tombs and burial chambers
-Ben-ben stone: the top stone on the pyramid; location of where the sun rays first fell
-Standardization of the canons of Egyptian art -PYRAMIDS -
-Old Kingdom
-Fourth Dynasty
-2620-2500 B.C.E.
-Painted limestone -
-Giza, Egypt
-Old Kingdom
-Fourth Dynasty
-2550-2490 B.C.E.
-Cut limestone -Menkaura
-Khafre
-Khufu -
-Modern Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq
-Sumerian
-2600-2400 B.C.E.
-Wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone -
-Old Kingdom
-Fourth Dynasty
-2490-2472 B.C.E.
-Greywacke -
-Wiltshire, UK
-Neolithic Europe
-2,500-1,600 BCE
-Sandstone -
-
-Babylon (Modern Iran)
-Susian
-1792-1750 B.C.E.
-Basalt -
-Confucianism
-Daoism -Shang: 1500-1027 BCE
-Zhou: 1027-256 BCE
-Qin: 221-206 BCE
-Han: 202 BCE - 220 CE -
-1550-1070 BCE
-After second Intermediate Period
-Impressive rock tombs
-Military expansion (Syrians invaded in the Intermediate Period) -TEMPLES -
-Enga Province, Papua New Guinea
-1,500 BCE
-Greywacke -
-New Kingdom
-18th Dynasty
-Near Luxor, Egypt
-1473-1458 B.C.E.
-Sandstone, partially covered into a rock cliff, and red granite -
-New Kingdom
-18th & 19th Dynasties
-Karnak, near Luxor, Egypt
-Temple: 1550 B.C.E.
-Hall: 1250 B.C.E.
-Cut sandstone and mud brick -
-1353-1335 BCE
-Akhenaten (also known as Amenhotep IV)
-Instituted monotheistic worship of the sun disk, Aten
-Moved capital to Amarna -
-New Kingdom (Amarna)
-18th Dynasty
-1353-1335 B.C.E.
-Limestone -
-New Kingdom
-18th Dynasty
-1323 B.C.E.
-Gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones -
-New Kingdom
-19th Dynasty
-1275 B.C.E.
-Painted papyrus scroll -
-Brahma (The Creator)
-Shiva (The Destroyer)
-Vishnu (The Protector)
-Samsara: the cycle of reincarnation
-Karma: the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence
-Moksha (Hindu) /Nirvana (Buddhism): escape from samsara
-Dharma: the religious duties, moral rights and duties of each individual, as well as behaviors that enable social order, right conduct, and those that are virtuous. -
-Central Mexico
-1,200-900 BCE
-Ceramic -
-Solomon Islands, Reef Islands
-1,000 BCE
-Terra cotta -
-900 - 700 B.C.E.
-Small scale bronzes
-Figures restricted to registers -
-
-Tuscany, Italy (Called Etruria)
-800-500 B.C.E. (Same as the Archaic Period in Greece)
-Not much known about this culture
-Primary way we know about this culture is through their tombs
Are credited with teaching the Romans the alphabet
-Most of what we know comes from Vitruvius (a Roman architect)
-509 B.C.E. - Romans ousted the last Etruscan king -
-Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq)
-Neo-Assyrian
-720-705 B.C.E.
-Alabaster -
-700-600 B.C.E.
-Result of exposure to Egypt and the Near East
-Exotic imagery and composite creatures
-Figures begin to break out of registers -
-600 - 480 B.C.E.
-Sculptures include kouros and kore figures
-Characterized by the “Archaic Smile”
-Stylized, geometric hair
-Rigid, grid format similar to the Egyptian canon of proportions
-Pottery includes black and red figured vase painting
-Persian Wars 500-480 B.C.E. -
-four noble truths
-eight fold path
-life is suffering
-siddhartha -
-
-Archaic Greek
-530 B.C.E.
-Marble with remnants of paint Kroisos - young military hero (based on an inscription on the base NOT a real portrait - general representation “Archaic smile” - meant to enliven the sculpture 6’4" -
-Archaic Greek
-530 B.C.E.
-Marble, painted details -
-Etruscan
-520 B.C.E.
-Terracotta -
-509-27 BCE
-Overthrew the Etruscans & established a constitutional government
Senate
-All landowners could be on the senate
-Continued to conquer
Ends with the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.E. -Copied Classical Greek
-Subjects: mythology, gods, battles, emperors
-Architecture: Concrete, Engaged columns, Arch Temples
-Sculpture: verism busts, bronze, lost wax casting
-Wall Painting - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Style
-Painted frame on wall
-Illusionism -
-Veii, near Rome, Italy
-Etruscan
-510-500 B.C.E.
-Original temple of wood, mud brick, or tufa (volcanic rock) -
-Master sculptor Vulca
-Etruscan
-510-500 B.C.E.
-Terracotta -
-Persepolis, Iran
-Persian
-520-465 B.C.E.
-Limestone -
-480 B.C.E.
-Marble -
-480 - 450 B.C.E.
-Bridges change in sculpture from relatively stiff Archaic figure to the more realistically active Classical figure
-Large freestanding sculptures with figures shown in movement.
-Contrapposto shown for the first time (weight shift) -
-Tarquinia, Italy
-Etruscan.
-480-470 B.C.E.
-Tufa and fresco -
-Anonymous vase painter of Classical Greece known as the Niobid Painter.
-460-450 B.C.E.
-Clay, red figure technique -
-East Pediment Sculpture, Parthenon (Phidias?)
-5th Century B.C.E.
-Marble -
-Parthenon (Phidias)
-5th Century B.C.E.
-Marble -
-450 - 400 B.C.E.
-The Golden Age of Greece
-“High point” of Greek art and architecture. Figures are idealized, with expressionless faces.
-Proportion and symmetry are emphasized -
-Polykleitos
-Original 450-440 B.C.E.
-Roman copy (marble) of the Greek original (bronze) -
-Iktinos and Kallikrates
-447-410 B.C.E.
-Marble -
-Iktinos and Kallikrates
-447-410 B.C.E.
-Marble -
-Kallikrates
-427-424 B.C.E.
-Marble -
-Temple of Athena Nike (Acropolis)
-427-424 B.C.E.
-Marble -
-Attributed to Kallimachos
-410 B.C.E.
-Marble and paint -
-400 - 320 B.C.E.
-Alexander defeats Persian king Darius III at the Battle of Issus, 333 B.C.E.
-Greeks burn Persian capital in revenge for destruction of the Acropolis, 330 B.C.E.
-Alexander dies in Babylon, 323 B.C.E.
-Sculptors attempt more difficult, unique poses for their figures -
-Archaic through Hellenistic Greek
-600 B.C.E. - 150 C.E.
-Plan -
-320 - 30 B.C.E.
-Ends with the fall of Egypt, last fortification of Hellenistic rule to Romans in 31 - 30 B.C.E.
-Period initiated by the conquests of Alexander the Great.
-Art of this period encompasses extremes, from works that are naturalistic to other pieces that are overly idealized with an emphasis on drama, violence and emotionalism. -
-Nabataean Ptolemaic and Roman
-400 B.C.E - 100 C.E.
-Cut rock -
-Qin Dynasty.
-221-209 B.C.E.
-Painted terra cotta -
-Madhya Pradesh, India
-Buddhist; Maurya, late Sunga Dynasty
-300 B.C.E.-100 C.E.
-Stone masonry, sandstone on dome -
-Hellenistic Greek
-190 B.C.E.
-Marble -
-Han Dynasty, China
-180 B.C.E.
-Painted silk -
-Asia Minor (present-day Turkey)
-Hellenistic Greek.
-175 B.C.E.
-Marble -
-Asia Minor (present-day Turkey)
-Hellenistic Greek.
-175 B.C.E.
-Marble -
-Pompeii, Italy
-Imperial Roman
-2nd Century B.C.E.
-Cut stone and fresco -
-Hellenistic Greek
-100 B.C.E.
-Bronze -
-Republican Roman
-100 B.C.E.
-Mosaic -
-Republican Roman
-75-50 B.C.E.
-Marble -
-Silla Kingdom: 57 BCE - 935 CE
-
-
-
-Begins with Octavian Caesar “Augustus”
-31 B.C.E. - brought an end to a 91 year civil war
-Becomes 1st Roman Emperor
-Pax Romana - 150 year time of peace
-People depended on the Roman government for food, water, recreation and entertainment
-Reaches height of power under Trajan, and then Hadrian -Technologically advanced, designs conservative
-Combination of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders
-Basilica plans (aisles, nave, apse) - Pantheon
-Arch, barrel vault, dome -
-Imperial Roman
-Early 1st Century C.E.
-Marble -
-Rome, Italy
-Imperial Roman.
-70-80 C.E.
-Stone and concrete. -
-Rome, Italy
-Apollodorus of Damascus
-Forum and markets.
-106-112 C.E.
-Brick and concrete. -
-Completed 113 C.E.
-Marble -
-Imperial Roman
-118-125 C.E.
-Concrete with stone facing. -
-Age of confidence is replaced by a time of troubles
-Civil unrest
-Military defeats
-Economy in decline
-Pivotal time - pagan ancient world transformed into Christian Middle Ages -
-Late Imperial Roman
-250 C.E.
-Marble. -
-Three Kingdoms Period
-Silla Kingdom
-Korea
-Fifth to sixth century C.E.
-Metalwork -
-Bamiyan, Afghanistan
-Gandharan
-400-800 C.E.
(destroyed in 2001)
-Cut rock with plaster and polychrome paint -
-The five pillars
-anionic imagery
-no worship of idols -
-Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
-Islamic. Pre-Islamic monument
-Rededicated by Muhammad in 631-632 C.E. Multiple renovations
-Granite masonry, covered with silk curtain and calligraphy in gold and silver-wrapped thread -
-Lhasa, Tibet
-Yarlung Dynasty.
-Believed to have been brought to Tibet in 641 C.E.
-Gilt metals with semiprecious stones, pearls, and paint; various offerings -
-Jerusalem.
-Islamic. Umayyad.
-691-692 C.E., with multiple renovations
-Stone masonry and wooden roof decorated with glazed ceramic tile, mosaics, and gilt aluminum and bronze dome. -
-Isfahan, Iran.
-Islamic, Persian: Seljuk, Il-Khanid, Timurid and Safavid Dynasties
-700 C.E.; additions and restorations in the 14th, 18th & 20th centuries C.E.
-Stone, brick, wood, plaster, and glazed ceramic tile -
-Nara, Japan
-743 C.E.; rebuilt c. 1700
-Wood with ceramic-tile roofing -
-Córdoba, Spain.
-Umayyad
-785-786 C.E.
-Stone masonry -
-Central Java, Indonesia
-Sailendra Dynasty
-750-842 C.E.
-Volcanic-stone masonry -
-Arab, North Africa or Near East
-Abbasid.
-eighth to ninth century C.E.
-Ink, color, and gold on parchment -
-Luoyang, China
-Tang Dynasty.
-493-1127 C.E.
-Limestone -
-Khajuraho, India.
-Hindu, Chandella Dynasty
-930-950 C.E.
-Sandstone -
-Umayyad
-968 C.E.
-Ivory -
-Fan Kuan
-1000 C.E.
-Ink and colors on silk -
-lots of different kingdoms
-Interdisciplinary: a wide variety of materials and formats, including objects and performances
-Spiritual: addresses/references the spiritual world, especially pertaining to royalty; ancestor worship
-Ritual: art is often used in ritual and not just viewed; usually created by religious leaders
-Historical: art used with oral tradition to recount history & accomplishments -
Three main groups:
-Micronesia
-Polynesia
-Melanesia -Mana (vital life force) often physically represented in statues: blessed and/or protected to preserve the well being of the community
-Tapu: wrapping or shielding practices to protect mana
Ritual performances give certain artworks meaning and purpose -
-India (Tamil Nadu)
-Chola Dynasty
-11th century C.E.
-Cast bronze -
-Kongo peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
-late 19th century C.E.
-1066 - 1067 CE
-Wood and metal -
-Hindu, Angkor Dynasty
-800-1400 C.E.
-Stone masonry, sandstone -
-Angkor Wat
-Hindu, Angkor Dynasty
-800-1400 C.E.
-Sandstone -
-Angkor Thom
-Hindu, Angkor Dynasty
-800-1400 C.E.
-Stone masonry, sandstone -
-Pohnpei, Micronesia
-Saudeleur Dynasty
-700-1600 C.E.
-Basalt boulders and prismatic columns -
-Mali
-Founded c. 1200 C.E.; rebuilt 1906-1907
-Adobe -
-Southeastern Zimbabwe
-Shona peoples
-1000-1400 C.E.
-Coursed granite blocks -
-Kamakura Period
-Japan
-1250-1300 C.E.
-Handscroll (ink and color on paper) -
-Cosimo Medici establishes his Neoplatonic Academy
-advancement of humanistic and scientific knowledge
-expanding wealth of the merchant class and guilds
-growth of cities
-productivity in the arts
-Humanism
-artists’ social position sometimes equal in stature to their patrons
-artist as a hero, as divinely inspired, as genius
-intellectual approach to beauty and art
-linear perspective -
-Muhammad ibn al-Zain
-1320-1340 C.E.
-Brass inlaid with gold and silver -
-Islamic
-Persian, Il-Khanid
-1330-1340 C.E.
-Ink and opaque watercolor, gold, and silver on paper -
-Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
-1100-1600 C.E.
-Volcanic tuff figures on basalt base -
-Yuan Dynasty
-China
-1351 C.E.
-White porcelain with cobalt-blue underglaze -
-Granada, Spain.
-Nasrid Dynasty
-1354-1391 C.E.
-Whitewashed adobe stucco, wood, tile, paint, and gilding -
-secularization of culture
-Growth of market economies
-oil painting technique
-printmaking
-Protestant Reformation -
-Workshop of Robert Campin
-1427-1432 C.E.
-Oil on wood -
-Beijing, China.
-Ming Dynasty.
-15th century C.E. and later
-Stone masonry, marble, brick, wood, and ceramic tile -
-Imperial Bureau of Painting
-15th century C.E.
-Hanging scroll (ink and color on silk)
-Joeson Dynasty -
-Fra Filippo Lippi
-1465 C.E.
-Tempera on wood -
-Kyoto, Japan
-Muromachi Period, Japan
-1480 C.E.; current design most likely dates to the 18th century
-Rock garden -
-Rome as cultural capital becomes the new Athens after expulsion of the Medici’s in Florence
-Papal power, Pope Julius II & Leo X - political as well as cultural ambitions
-The artist as genius, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael - artist as hero, inspired, “divine”
-Monumental ambition & scale, large scale painting, sculpture programs and architecture -
-Leonardo da Vinci
-1494-1498 C.E.
-Oil and tempera -
Cramped compositions: crowded pictorial space filled with figures blotting out the background
Undefinable space: space appears too shallow or undefined for what is taking place in it
Exaggeration: fanciful gestures and attitudes, deliberately intricate groupings
Distortion: unnatural elongation in the body, and unrealistically small heads
Unbalanced compositions: unstable groupings of figures
Idiosyncratic: highly individual choice of subject matter and interpretation -
-Sultan Muhammad
-1522-1525 C.E.
-Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper -
-Jacopo da Pontormo
-1525-1528 C.E.
-Oil on wood -
Venice’s damp climate and close proximity to water makes the use of fresco and egg tempera risky (plaster easily rots and cracks).
During the late 1470’s, Messina introduces new oil technique to Venetian artists. Oil painting on stretched canvas becomes the medium of choice.
The soft and diffused light of Venice is renowned, suggesting a more atmospheric treatment of subject matter. -
-Titian
-1538 C.E.
-Oil on canvas -
-Maqsud of Kashan
-1539-1540 C.E.
-Silk and wool -
Viceroyalty of New Spain
c. 1541-1542 C.E.
Ink and color on paper -
-Edo peoples, Benin (Nigeria)
-16th century C.E.
-Cast brass -
-Edirne, Turkey
-Sinan (architect)
-1568-1575 C.E.
-Brick and stone -
•Dynamic & complex aesthetic
•Dramatic theatricality
•Grandiose scale
•Elaborate ornateness
•Crisscrossing diagonals
•Curvilinear forms
•Slanting recessions (foreground to background) -
Caravaggio
c. 1597-1601 C.E.
Oil on canvas -
-
-Bichitr
-1620 C.E.
-Watercolor, gold, and ink on paper -
Peter Paul Rubens
1621-1625 C.E.
Oil on canvas -
Rembrandt van Rijn
1636 C.E.
Etching -
-Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
-Masons, marble workers, mosaicists, and decorators working under the supervision of Ustad Ahmad Lahori, architect of the emperor.
-1632-1653 C.E.
-Stone masonry and marble with inlay of precious and semiprecious stones; gardens -
Master of Calamarca (La Paz School)
c. 17th Century C.E.
Oil on canvas -
Different trends in Northern Europe
Holland/Protestant
France, Italy, Germany/Catholic Scale - not as large and grand Genre scenes, still life, landscapes, portraits
Wealthy merchant class
Symbolism and intellectual depth -
Emphasis on reason, backed by empirical evidence
England & France principal centers
Scientific Revolution comes of age:
Applied to social and political issues
Applied to production, the Industrial Revolution
Doctrine of Progress – philosophers
Emphasis on education -
Miguel González
c. 1698 C.E.
Based on original Virgin of Guadalupe Basilica of Guadalupe, Mexico City
16th Century C.E.
Oil on canvas on wood, inlaid with mother-of-pearl -
Circle of the González Family
c. 1697-1701 C.E.
Tempera and resin on wood, shell inlay -
-Ashanti peoples (south central Ghana)
-1700 C.E.
-Gold over wood and cast-gold attachments -
-Ogata Korin
-1710-1716 C.E.
-Ink, watercolor, and gold leaf on paper -
Attributed to Juan Rodríguez Juárez
c. 1715 C.E.
Oil on canvas -
mostly small
fête galante – outdoor play, (mostly illicit) love
frivolity, playful intrigue, sensuality
mostly pastel colors
delicately curving forms
dainty figures -
-Hawaiian
-Late 18th century C.E.
-Feathers and fiber -
Miguel Cabrera
c. 1750 C.E.
Oil on canvas -
Architecture:
-use of greek and roman columns, pediments, and domes
-symmetry, rectangular rooms
-themed rooms
Painting:
-references to mythology and the bible
-invite viewers in/open composition
-stiff/statue-like figures
-exemplum virtutis
Sculpture:
-unpainted marble
-"what would the ancients like" -
Desire for freedom in everything (politics, feelings, actions, worship, speech, taste, thoughts).
Artist as a “troubled genius”
A renewed focus on imagination, feeling, intuition, emotion, fantasy, nightmares, the macabre, the occult
Dramatic action, theatricality
Beauty as it exists in fierce, brute nature and ferocious animals: the SUBLIME
Nature as allegory for human brutality
Fascination with the Middle Ages, return to religion
Landscape paintings reacting against the Industrial Revolution -
Joseph Wright of Derby
c. 1763-1765 C.E.
Oil on canvas -
Jean-Honoré Fragonard
1767 C.E.
Oil on canvas -
-miShyaang maMbul
-Kuba peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
-1760-1780 C.E.
-Wood -
Jacques-Louis David
1784 C.E.
Oil on canvas -
-Rarotonga, Cook Islands, central Polynesia
-Late 18th to early 19th century C.E.
-Wood, tapa, fiber, and feathers -
-Nukuoro, Micronesia
-18th to 19th century C.E.
-Wood -
Francisco de Goya
1810-1823 C.E. (published 1863)
Etching, drypoint, burin, and burnishing -
-Katsushika Hokusai
-1830-1833 C.E.
-Polychrome woodblock print; ink and color on paper -
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
1837 C.E.
Daguerreotype -
The ability to capture images straight from reality was on the rise due to many camera like inventions being made
Daguerrotype
Camera obscura
Wet collodion process -
Gustave Courbet – leading figure
Reality – only what we ourselves can see
Records everyday contemporary life, however mundane, trivial
Rejects historical subjects but celebrates workers
Landscape painters move their easels outdoors -
Gustave Courbet
1849 C.E. (destroyed in 1945)
Oil on canvas -
-Mid to late 19th Century
-Torres Strait (islander People)
-Maubiag Island
-25 in
-Turtle shell, wood, fiber, feathers, and shell -
-Niue
-1850-1900 C.E.
-Tapa or bark cloth, freehand painting -
Jose María Velasco
1882 C.E.
Oil on canvas -
-Gottfried Lindauer
-Maori (Nga-ti-toa tribe)
-Auckland National Art Gallery
-1890 C.E.
-Oil on canvas
-40.1’’ x 33.1’’ -
-Sande Society, Mende peoples (West African forests of Sierra Leone and Liberia)
-19th to 20th century C.E.
-Wood, cloth, and fiber -
-Bamileke (Cameroon, western grassfields region)
-19th to 20th century C.E.
-Wood, woven raffia, cloth, and beads -
-Chokwe peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
-Late 19th to 20th century C.E.
-Wood, fiber, pigment, and metal -
-Mbudye Society, Luba peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
-19th to 20th century C.E.
-Wood, beads, and metal -
-Igbo peoples (Nigeria)
-19th to 20th century C.E.
-Wood -
-Fang peoples (southern Cameroon)
-19th to 20th century C.E.
-Wood -
-Marshall Islands, Micronesia
-19th to early 20th century C.E.
-Wood and fiber -
-Olowe of Ise (Yoruba peoples)
-1910-1914 C.E.
-Wood and pigment -
-Baule peoples (Côte d’Ivoire)
-Early 20th century C.E.
-Wood and pigment -
-New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea
-20th century C.E.
-Wood, pigment, fiber, and shell -
-Fiji, Polynesia
-1953 C.E.
-Multimedia performance (costume; cosmetics, including scent; chant; movement; and pandanus fiber/hibiscus fiber mats), photographic documentation -
Artist unknown
Based on an oil painting by Liu Chunhua
c. 1969 C.E.
Color lithograph
