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800 BCE
North-American Native Societies
The Eastern Woodlands people connected to nature, they took advantage of natural resources and settled in large Villages. Located in the Mississippi valley Adena Hopewell where known for building mounds hunting and gathering and erecting seasonal camps. They had a trading culture, trading with every tribe, with a population of 15 million people. The plain tribes were nomadic hunters, highly connected with nature, and had many different tribes. -
476 BCE
Dark Ages
After the fall of Rome, there was no government for the European continent. So, the Catholic Church to dominance in the medieval time period. Having a feudalism society, were the king would give land to noblemen and bishops. In this period, major technology advances occurred. For example, the adoption of gunpowder, the invention of vertical windmills, and mechanical clocks. But it was a time period of backward ways because there were no higher education and a weak economy. -
1095
The Crusades
The Crusades were a military failure for Christianity, since Christians did not ultimately succeed in their stated goal of recovering the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Crusades opened up new trading markets, new ideas and new global vistas to Europeans. As the Christians and Muslims interacted during and after the Crusades they exchanged ideas. Muslims learned new military tactics and Christians learned about new advances in medicine, science, mathematics, and the arts. -
1300
The Renaissance
The Renaissance "rebirth" was a time of cultural movement, technology, and science. It started new techniques for creating paintings, art was starting to spread to northern Europe, a new church was created, and the reformation of the catholic church. The printing press helped spread information throughout Europe.Art was beginning to strive, with realism Michelangelo, and Leonardo DaVinci. Science was becoming more popular as well. -
1347
The black death
The Black Death was disease from rats and fleas that starting in central Asia then traveling along the silk road to Europe killing 25 million people. Causing a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals which formed merchants. The decrease in the population caused by the plague increased the wages of peasants. As a result, peasants began to enjoy higher standard of living and greater freedom. People believed the plague was a kind of divine punishment for sins against God such as greed. -
1400
Exploration
King Henry the Navigator wasn't a sailor nor navigator, he sponsored a great deal of exploration along the west coast of Africa using caravels. Which are a maneuverable small sailing ship. Spain will expel Muslim and is in competition with Portugal for territory land, so the Pope divides new lands and will give Portugal Brazil and Spain lands west. This would be known as the Treaty of Tordesillas. Christopher Columbus was an amazing navigator, he believed the shortest rout to Asia was west. -
1520
New Spain
Spanish explorer and conquistador Hernando de Soto Seeking greater glory and riches, de Soto embarked on a major expedition in 1538 to conquer Florida for the Spanish crown. He and his men became the first Europeans to encounter the great Mississippi River and cross it. Natives were used to mined gold and silver which financed Spanish empire. Spanish had worst relationship with natives, would convert them to Christianity and if a native was againist them they would be killed. -
Chesapeake Colonies
The Chesapeake Colonies were the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, later the Commonwealth of Virginia, and Province of Maryland, later Maryland, both colonies located in British America, centered on the Chesapeake Bay.Disease ravaged settlements region grew slowly due to disease. Most of these settlers were male immigrants from England who died soon after their arrival.The native-born population eventually became immune to the Chesapeake colonies were able to continue through all the hardships. -
Caribbean Colonies
The first English settlement on any island in the west Atlantic is the result of an accident. Castaways from an English vessel, wrecked on its way to Virginia, find safety on Bermuda.When news of the island reaches England, a party of sixty settlers is sent out.Three decades later, religious friction in the Bermuda community causes a group of dissenters to seek a place of their own.From 1648 they settle in the Bahamas, a chain of uninhabited islands forming the fringe of the northern Caribbean. -
New England Colonies
n the New England colonies, land was given to a colony by the crown. In these early days of settlement, a colony was not a state. A colony was a business. Each colony was in the business of sending riches back to England in exchange for money, tools, and supplies they needed in their colony. Each colony had a central government. The central government of each New England colony divided their own colony into pieces called towns. -
Colonial Economies
The British government pursued a policy of mercantilism in international trade. Mercantilism stipulates that in order to build economic strength, a nation must export more than it imports.The English Parliament passed four Navigation Acts. The acts declared, only English or English colonial ships could carry cargo between imperial ports.Certain goods, including tobacco, rice, and furs, could not be shipped to foreign nations except through England or Scotland. -
Virtual Representation
Virtual representation stated that the members of Parliament, including the Lords and the Crown-in-Parliament, reserved the right to speak for the interests of all British subjects, rather than for the interests of only the district that elected them or for the regions in which they held peerages and spiritual sway.Virtual Representation was the British response to the First Continental Congress in the American colonies. -
Navigation Acts
This article on Navigation Acts of Colonial America provides facts and information about the effects of these laws and taxes.The Navigation Acts were a series of Acts passed in the English Parliament in 1651,1660 & 1663. The colonies represented a lucrative source of wealth and trade. Their purpose was to regulate the trade of the empire and to enable the mother country to derive a profit from the colonies which had been planted overseas. -
The Enlightenment
European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reoriented during the course of the “long 18th century” as part of a movement referred Age of Reason, or simply the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. -
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. It was the keystone of the Whig history of Britain. According to the Whig account, the events of the revolution were bloodless and the revolution settlement established the supremacy of parliament over the crown, setting Britain on the path towards constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. -
Salem Witch Trails
The daughter and niece of Reverend Samuel Parris of Salem Village became ill. When they failed to improve, the village doctor, William Griggs, was called in. His diagnosis of bewitchment put into motion the forces that would ultimately result in the death by hanging of nineteen men and women. In addition, one man was crushed to death; seven others died in prison.More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft the Devil’s magic and 20 were executed. -
Slavery in the Colonies
Very small numbers of slaves in the Southern colonies in the early years. By 1650, only 300 blacks lived in Virginia. Slavery formally established by the House of Burgesses in 1670 with law declaring "all servants not being Christians imported into this colony by shipping shall be slaves for their lives."By 1700 there were 25,000 slaves in the American colonies and by 1750 there were 100,000 slaves in Virginia, far outnumbering indentured servants. -
Act of Union (1707)
The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland. They put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. -
Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade is a term used to describe the trade occurring between England, Africa, and the Americas. The raw materials and natural resources such as sugar, tobacco, rice and cotton that were found in the 13 colonies also refer to Colonialism. Manufactured products from England and Europe such as guns, cloth, beads. Slaves from West Africa, many of whom toiled in the Slave Plantations.The premise of Trade was that the different regions would trade for things they didn't have. -
Enlightenment Ideals on America in the late 18th Century
The American Enlightenment was a period of intellectual ferment in the thirteen American colonies in the period 1714–1818, which led to the American Revolution, and the creation of the American Republic. It applied scientific reasoning to politics, science, and religion. It promoted religious tolerance. And, it restored literature, arts, and music as important disciplines worthy of study in colleges. -
The Great Awakening
In all these Protestant cultures during the middle decades of the eighteenth century, a new Age of Faith rose to counter the currents of the Age of Enlightenment, to reaffirm the view that being truly religious meant trusting the heart rather than the head, prizing feeling more than thinking, and relying on biblical revelation rather than human reason. -
French and Indian War
The French and Indian War was a seven-year war between England and the American colonies, against the French and some of the Indians in North America. When the war ended, France was no longer in control of Canada. The Indians that had been threatening the American colonists were defeated. This war had become a world war. Great Britain spent a great deal of money fighting the war and colonists fully participated in this war. -
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was the killing of five colonists by British regulars on March 5, 1770. It was the culmination of tensions in the American colonies that had been growing since Royal troops first appeared in Massachusetts in October 1768 to enforce the heavy tax burden imposed by the Townshend Acts. Three persons were killed immediately and two died later of their wounds; among the victims was Crispus Attucks, a man of black or Indian parentage. -
Boston Tea Party
This famed act of American colonial defiance served as a protest against taxation. Seeking to boost the troubled East India Company, British Parliament adjusted import duties with the passage of the Tea Act in 1773. Merchants in Boston refused to concede to Patriot pressure. On the night of December 16, 1773, Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty boarded three ships in the Boston harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard. This pushed the two sides closer to war. -
Common Sense
Common Sense was first published anonymously by Thomas Paine an important piece of writing of the American Revolution. Paine's convincing arguments against the monarchy and British domination spread like wildfire throughout the colonies and turned the public tide toward independence. General George Washington wrote to a friend in Massachusetts: "I find that Common Sense is working a powerful change there in the minds of many men. Few pamphlets have had so dramatic an effect on political events." -
The Declaration of Independence
The Americans were ostensibly fighting only for their rights as subjects of the British crown. By the following summer, with the Revolutionary War in full swing, the movement for independence from Britain had grown. A five-man committee including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Benjamin Franklin was tasked with drafting a formal statement of the colonies’ intentions. The Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence written largely by Jefferson in Philadelphia. -
underground railroad
The Underground Railroad was a network of people, many African American, offering shelter and aid to escaped slaves.The exact dates of its operation are not known, but it operated anywhere from the late 18th century to the Civil War.The Underground Railroad was formed as a convergence of various clandestine efforts at the time.Harriet Tubman was the most famous conductor for the Underground Railroad.Frederick Douglass hid fugitives in his home in helping slave escape to make their way to Canada. -
Massachusetts Constitution
The Massachusetts Constitution was written last of the original states' first constitutions. It served as a model for the Constitution of the United States of America, drafted seven years later, which used a similar structure. It also influenced later revisions of many other state constitutions. The Massachusetts Constitution has four parts: a preamble, a declaration of rights, a description of the framework of government, and articles of amendment. -
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States.Under these articles, the states remained sovereign and independent, with Congress serving as the last resort on appeal of disputes. Congress was also given the authority to make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces and coin money. However, the central government lacked the ability to levy taxes and regulate commerce, issues that led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. -
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris of 1783, negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, ended the revolutionary war and recognized American independence.The preliminary articles of peace were signed by Adams, Franklin, Jay, and Henry Laurens for the United States and Richard Oswald for Great Britain on November 30, 1782. The final treaty was signed on September 3, 1783, and ratified by the Continental Congress early in 1784. -
Shay's Rebellion
Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising in Massachusetts. Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels in an uprising against perceived economic and civil rights injustices. In 1787, the rebels marched on the United States' Armory at Springfield in an unsuccessful attempt to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government.The events of the rebellion served as a catalyst for the calling of the U.S. Constitutional Convention, and ultimately the shape of the new government. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Ordinance of 1787 was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States, passed July 13, 1787. The ordinance created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south.The upper Mississippi River formed the Territory's western boundary. -
Election of 1788
The United States presidential election of 1788–89 was the first quadrennial presidential election. It was conducted under the new United States Constitution, which had been ratified earlier in 1788. In the election, George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president, and John Adams became the first vice president. George Washington was enormously popular giving him a push for votes. -
Two competing forms of government
A conflict took shape in the 1790s between America's first political parties. Indeed, the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson, were the first political parties in the Western world. Unlike loose political groupings in the British House of Commons or in the American colonies before the Revolution, both had reasonably consistent and principled platforms, relatively stable popular followings, and continuing organizations. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. It became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue for the war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War. Farmers resisted the tax and started a rebellion, but with the Constitution it helped the government stop them. -
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. -
Election of 1796
First in which voters could choose between competing political parties.The Federalists chose Vice President John Adams as their presidential candidate, and the Republicans selected Thomas Jefferson. Both parties turned directly to the people for support, rallying supporters through the use of posters, handbills, and mass rallies. Adams received 71 votes, only 3 more than Jefferson. As a result, Jefferson became vice president. -
Kentucky Resolutions
Political statements, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison respectively. -
Problems with the British
England in the 1800’s was not the greatest place to live, crime, poor sanitation, child labour, and overcrowding hung over England like a dark cloud. The country was plagued by an unbalanced power system, in which rich aristocrats had more control in government than the people being affected. All of these problems were ones that had long played a part in England’s history, the industrial revolution did not start England’s problems, it simply brought them to light. -
Immigration in the American Industrial Revolution
Accelerated during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries made it imperative to develop employment for the increasing numbers of people in the developing nations. During the long period that became known as the Industrial Revolution, large numbers of Europeans moved from rural areas into cities where jobs in new industries were to be found. Many of these people crossed the Atlantic Ocean looking for work and joined native-born Americans who were moving into cities. -
election of 1800
The election of 1800 between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson was an emotional and hard-fought campaign. Each side believed that victory by the other would ruin the nation. Federalists attacked Jefferson as an unchristian deist whose sympathy for the French Revolution would bring similar bloodshed and chaos to the United States. On the other side, the Democratic-Republicans denounced the strong centralization of federal power under Adams's presidency. -
Changes in Transportation
The growth of the Industrial Revolution depended on the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. There were three main types of transportation that increased during the Industrial Revolution: waterways, roads, and railroads. Transportation was important because people were starting to live in the West. During this time period, transportation via water was the cheapest way to move heavy products. -
Jefferson Administration
Jefferson assumed the office after defeating incumbent President John Adams in the 1800 presidential election. The election was a realigning election in which the Democratic-Republican Party swept the Federalist Party out of power, ushering in a generation of Democratic-Republican dominance in American politics. After two terms, Jefferson was succeeded by Secretary of State James Madison, also of the Democratic-Republican Party. -
Technological benefits of War of 1812
War embargo cause innovation. An advancement in firearms, steam engines, agriculture, and mass production. The cotton gin was created by Eli Whitney, it could easily remove cotton seeds. Slavery was at a downfall but because of the cotton gin, it gave slavery a comeback. Also, the cotton production was on a rise. The printing press would help get the word around in a more quicker manner making it easier to communicate between regions. -
War of 1812
The United States had a variety of grievances against Britain. Many felt that the British had not yet come to respect the United States as a legitimate country. The British were “impressing,” or forcibly drafting, American sailors at sea as well as blocking American trade with France—both of these were also spillover policies from the British prosecution of the war with France. The British were also unsubtle supporting Native American groups that preyed on American settlers along the frontier. -
Patriots Population vs. Loyalist Population
American colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain.They were often referred to as Tories, Royalists, or Kingʼs Men by the Patriots.15 - 20% of the white colonial population were Loyalists. Most patriots were highly educated and wealthy. Support of ordinary people farmers, mechanics, homemakers, and shopkeepers aided the Patriot cause. American colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain. They were often referred to as Tories, Royalists, or Kingʼs Men by the Patriots. -
Change in Agriculture
New inventions like the iron plow, crank churns, cotton gin helped different areas in America to advance in agriculture. The south was more focused on cotton using the cotton gin which increased slavery. The mid-west was more into grain (wheat) using the iron plow to remove crops. Last, the East was more with livestock, dairy, fruits, and veggies using the crank churns to make butter. -
Free- Black Communities
Free black communities were greater in the North and Midwest, yet segregation was active in the North. The blacks had free thieving lives but dealt with discrimination and prejudice. They had to compete for jobs with immigrants and as more added it caused greater hostilities. Slaves from the south would use the underground railroads to get to free black communities. Blacks in the free communities would practice their culture with music, food, and religion. -
Slavery in American Industrial Revolution
The south was economically falling out, they needed more slaves for more crops. Master was looked upon as mentors and protectors with domestic chores included. Cotton was half of the U.S exports so most slaves were field workers to sunrise to sunset. Slaves worked in large groups on plantations. Some slaves were overseers other slaves are blacksmiths, cooks, nannies, and maids. The masters control on the slaves were reducing allowances for punishments, imprisonment, flogging, and threats. -
McCulloch vs. Maryland
The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland, the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was recognized in the court's opinion as having specifically targeted the Bank of the United States. -
Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 was the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States followed by a general collapse of the American economy persisting through 1821. The Panic announced the transition of the nation from its colonial commercial status with Europe toward an independent economy, increasingly characterized by the financial and industrial imperatives of central bank monetary policy, making it susceptible to boom and bust cycles. -
Missouri Crisis
In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Furthermore, with the exception of Missouri, this law prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30 latitude line. -
Age of Common Men
A new democratic culture was formed. Sense of being american, another countries take notes on america, democracy of america by Alexis DE Tocqueville, equalization and mixed society, universal suffrage white males (vote). David "Davy" Crockett was a 19th-century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier, and politician. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of Congress -
Temperance Movement
The temperance movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries was an organized effort to encourage moderation in the consumption of intoxicating liquors or press for complete abstinence.The movement's ranks were mostly filled by women who, with their children, had endured the effects of unbridled drinking by many of their men.In fact alcohol was blamed for many of society's demerits, among them severe health problems, destitution and crime. At first they used moral suasion to address the problem. -
Charles Grandison Finney
Charles Grandison Finney was an American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism. Finney was best known as an innovative revivalist during the period 1825–1835. Together with several other evangelical leaders, his religious views led him to promote social reforms, such as abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy of opposing European colonialism in The Americas beginning in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. At the same time, the doctrine noted that the U.S. would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries -
Election of 1824
In the election of 1824 it was a no pick successor with 4 candidates, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford, and Henry Clay. Jackson won the popularity vote and made a tie in the electoral college. Adams was chosen, so Jackson was angry and bitter. Causing him to find that Adams used a corrupt bargain. It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State. -
Stephen F. Austin
Known as "The Father of Texas," Stephen F. Austin established the first Anglo-American colony in the Tejas province of Mexico. He led the second, and ultimately, the successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States to the region in 1825.As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government, Austin advocated conciliation with the Mexican government, but the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution. -
Presidency of John Q. Adams
John Q. Adams was the son of John Adams and was the sixth president of the United States. In Adams presidency he used the American system. Industry tariffs, made a new nation bank, and improved the roads and canals. He wanted to create a new national university and observatory.During this time, he also negotiated the Adams-Onis Treaty, acquiring Florida for the United States. He was unaware of popular democracy and had many gaffes. -
Election of 1828
The election of 1828 was a rematch of Andrew Jackson and John Q. Adam. Jackson's new tragedy was to have humble origins, promote military career, democratic value, second party system, and a modern democratic party. The two candidates would use personal attacks. They both called each other womanizers, Adams attacks Jackson's wife for marrying Jackson while she was still in another marriage. Jackson does speech "let the people rule" Jackass. Jackson was known as old hickory promoting newspapers. -
Jackson Administration
Jackson was the first to be elected by common man. Rachael his wife dies before the inauguration, he blames the attacks Adams made on her. Jackson creates the spoils system (the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters), which replaces bureaucracy with own supporters and forces most cabinet to resign. During his presidency there was an nullification crisis where congress raises import taxes causing the tariff act 1832 which hurts southern agriculture. -
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Joseph Smith Jr. founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints around 1830. He is seen as a living prophet. "The Book of Mormon" is believed to be the result of Joseph Smith's communion with the divine. It is also the source of the common nickname for the church and its followers, Mormons. Mormons consider themselves to be Christians. They follow the teachings found within the Christian "Bible," "The Book of Mormon," "Doctrine and Covenants" and "Pearl of Great Price." -
Sam Houston
After moving to Texas in 1832, he joined the growing conflict between U.S. settlers and the Mexican government and became commander of the local army. On April 21, 1836, Houston and his men defeated Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna at San Jacinto to secure Texan independence. He was voted president in 1836 and again in 1841, then served as a senator after Texas became a state in 1845. Despite his pro-slavery views, he believed in preserving the Union. -
Election of 1832
The United States presidential election of 1832 saw incumbent President Andrew Jackson, candidate of the Democratic Party, easily win reelection against Henry Clay of Kentucky. Jackson won 219 of the 286 electoral votes cast, defeating Clay, the candidate of the National Republican party, and Anti-Masonic Party candidate William Wirt. This was the first national election for Martin Van Buren of New York, who was put on the ticket to succeed John Caldwell Calhoun -
Battle of Gonzales
The Battle of Gonzales was the first military engagement of the Texas Revolution. It was fought between rebellious Texan settlers and a detachment of Mexican army soldiers. Mexican authorities gave the settlers of Gonzales a small cannon to help protect them from frequent Comanche raids. Mexican soldiers opened fire as Texians approached their camp in the early hours of October 2. After several hours of desultory firing, the Mexican soldiers withdrew. -
Western Frontier
The American frontier comprises the geography, history, folklore, and cultural expression of life in the forward wave of American expansion that began with English colonial settlements in the early 17th century and ended with the admission of the last mainland territories as states in 1912. American historians cover multiple frontiers but the folklore is focused primarily on the so-called "conquest" and settlement of the lands west of the Mississippi River. -
Battle of San Jacinto
During the Texas’ war for independence from Mexico, the Texas militia under Sam Houston launched a surprise attack against the forces of Mexican General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, near present-day Houston, Texas. The Mexicans were thoroughly routed, and hundreds were taken prisoner, including Santa Anna. In exchange for his freedom, Santa Anna signed a treaty recognizing Texas’ independence. On December 29, 1845, Texas entered the United States as the 28th state. -
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren was the personal choice of Andrew Jackson and faced no opposition for the Democratic nomination. Martin Van Buren The Whigs, however, were badly split and decided to field a number of regional candidates in the hope of having the issue decided by the House of Representatives. William Henry Harrison, hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe, hoped to gain the support of Western voters, Daniel Webster had strength in New England, and Hugh Lawson White had backing in the South. -
Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism was a religious, philosophical, and literary movement. Although Ralph Waldo Emerson, Amos Bronson Alcott, and others among the Transcendentalists lived to old age in the 1880s and beyond, by about 1860 the energy that had earlier characterized Transcendentalism as a distinct movement had subsided. For several reasons, Transcendentalism is not simple to define. Transcendentalism encompassed complex philosophical and religious ideas -
Greek Revival
The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in Northern Europe and the United States.The taste for all things Greek in furniture and interior design, was at its peak by the beginning of the 19th century, when the designs of Thomas Hope had influenced a number of decorative styles known variously as Neoclassical. Greek Revival architecture took a different course in a number of countries, lasting until the Civil War in America. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was a belief that the destiny of American settlers was to expand to spread their traditions and their institutions, while at the same time enlightening more primitive nations. And the American settlers of the time considered Indians and Hispanics to be inferior and therefore deserving of cultivation. The settlers considered the United States to be the best possible way to organize a country so they felt the need to remake the world in the image of their own country. -
Mexican American War
The Mexican-American War pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a “manifest destiny” to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean.A border skirmish along the Rio Grande started off the fighting and was followed by a series of U.S. victories.When the dust cleared, Mexico had lost nearly all of present-day California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico. -
Slavery in 1948
The Whigs chose a more successful strategy: nominate a popular candidate and offer no platform whatsoever. The popular candidate was a hero of the Mexican War, Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chosen. Disgruntled Conscience Whigs such as Salmon P. Chase and Charles Sumner started talking about forming a new antislavery party with a broader political base than the abolitionist Liberty Party. Van Buren supported purging the mails of abolitionist materials. -
Free Soil Party
The Free Soil Party was a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. A single-issue party, its main purpose was to oppose the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery. It also sometimes worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African Americans in states such as Ohio. -
California Gold Rush
The discovery of gold nuggets in the Sacramento Valley in early 1848 sparked the Gold Rush, the most significant events to shape American history. As news spread of the discovery, thousands of prospective gold miners traveled miles to San Francisco and the surrounding area; by the end of 1849, the non-native population of the California territory was some 100,000.A total of $2 billion worth of precious metal was extracted from the area during the Gold Rush. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The first convention for women's rights in the United States was held in Seneca Falls, New York, from July 19-20, 1848. Addressing the status of American women who, according to organizer Elizabeth Cady Stanton, do feel themselves aggrieved, oppressed, and fraudulently deprived of their most sacred rights. Stanton and Lucretia Mott were the main organizers of the convention. Stanton was primarily responsible for the writing and presentation of the Declaration of Sentiments. More than 300 present -
Growing Cities
Industries were in the cities. Urban growth in the north cause slums and ghettos. Had the first working class neighborhoods. Multiple family dwelling. They segregated neighborhoods by race and classes. Cities were small in early 1800's but by 1850, sprawling metropolises with mass transportation helping this trend. Old cities like New York were finished goods are made while the new inland cities like Chicago Pittsburgh and Cincinnati were all near water, expanding their population. -
Nativism
Nativist would blame immigrants for American problems. They were against immigration of poor catholic form Germany and Ireland. The Know Nothings also known as the American party was a secret organization against immigration. They wanted to restrict immigration but the Know Nothings will disappear by 1860. -
Election of 1852
Once again, the incumbent President was a Whig who had succeeded to the presidency upon the death of his war hero predecessor; it was Millard Fillmore who followed General Zachary Taylor. The Whig party passed over the incumbent for nomination casting aside Fillmore in favor of General Winfield Scott. The Democrats nominated a "dark horse" candidate, this time Franklin Pierce. The Whigs again campaigned on the obscurity of the Democratic candidate, and once again this strategy failed. -
Changes in Communication
In the industrial revolution communication changed by having quicker news using the telegraph and printing. Also introducing modern mass advertising. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph and the codes that go with it in 1835. The Morse code consisted of dots and dashes that represented each letter of the alphabet.Benjamin Franklin established the postal service on 1775. The post office department was enlarged and was not very good because employees had difficulties finding transportation there. -
Dred Scott vs. Sandford
In Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. The Court also ruled that Congress lacked power to ban slavery in the U.S. territories. Finally, the Court declared that the rights of slave owners were constitutionally protected by the Fifth Amendment because slaves were categorized as property. -
Southern Society during American Industrial Revolution
Most planter didn't own slaves, the ones who did owned only 1-9. Very few had more than 10. Yeoman farmers had communal effort and 75% didn't own slaves, some relies on the planters others resented planter and formed southern militias. Tenant farmers were the poor ones they were also fraternal-ism with slaves. White southern culture was honor and reputation. Class and pride was important causing many dueling. -
Election of 1860
which Republican Abraham Lincoln defeated Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell. The electoral split between Northern and Southern Democrats was emblematic of the severe sectional split, particularly over slavery, and in the months following Lincoln’s election (and before his inauguration in March 1861), seven Southern states, led by South Carolina on Dec. 20, 1860, seceded, setting the stage for the American Civil War. -
George McClellan
George B. McClellan was a U.S. Army officer, railroad president and politician who served as a major general during the Civil War. McClellan organized the Army of the Potomac in 1861 and briefly served as general-in-chief of the Union Army. McClellan was well liked by his men, but his reticence to attack the Confederacy with the full force of his army despite a significant numerical advantage put him at odds with President Abraham Lincoln. -
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee served as a military officer in the U.S. Army, a West Point commandant and the legendary general of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. In June 1861, Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia. Lee and his army achieved great success during the Peninsula Campaign and at Second Bull and Fredericksburg, with his greatest victory coming in the bloody Battle of Chancellorsville. They were defeated in Gettysburg. -
Women During the War
In the North and in the South, the war forced women into public life in ways they could scarcely have imagined a generation before.During the Civil War, women especially faced a host of new duties and responsibilities. For the most part, these new roles applied the ideals of Victorian domesticity to “useful and patriotic ends.” However, these wartime contributions did help expand many women’s ideas about what their “proper place” should be. -
1st Bull Run
Union and Confederate armies clashed near Manassas Junction, Virginia, in the first major land battle of the American Civil War.Known as the First Battle of Bull Run, the engagement began when about 35,000 Union troops marched from the federal capital in Washington, D.C. to strike a Confederate force of 20,000 along a small river known as Bull Run.The Confederate victory gave the South a surge of confidence and shocked the North, who realized the war would not be won as easily as they had hoped. -
Politics
In the middle of the civil war Lincoln fires general McClellan. The Union suffers setbacks and causes northern suppression. Lincoln suspends ha beans corpus. Copperheads were peace living democrats who wanted a cease fire. Some of them supported confederacy some call Lincoln a tyrant. Lincoln shuts down anti-union newsletters. Northers disillusioned with the war so it was hard to get recruits. The conscription Act was that all males 20-45 even immigrants are eligible to be recruited. -
Gettysburg Address
At the official dedication ceremony for the National Cemetery of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, on the site of one of the bloodiest and most decisive battles of the Civil War.Lincoln’s 273-word address would be remembered as one of the most important speeches in American history. In it, he invoked the principles of human equality contained in the Declaration of Independence and connected the sacrifices of the Civil War with the desire for “a new birth of freedom". -
Andrew Johnson Administration
With the Assassination of Lincoln, the Presidency fell upon an old-fashioned southern Jacksonian Democrat of pronounced states' rights views. Although an honest and honorable man, Andrew Johnson was one of the most unfortunate of Presidents. Arrayed against him were the Radical Republicans in Congress, brilliantly led and ruthless in their tactics. Johnson was no match for them. -
abraham lincoln assassination
Shortly after 10 p.m. on April 14, 1865, actor John Wilkes Booth entered the presidential box at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C., and fatally shot President Abraham Lincoln. As Lincoln slumped forward in his seat, Booth leapt onto the stage and escaped through the back door. A doctor in the audience rushed over to examine the paralyzed president. Lincoln was then carried across the street to Petersen's Boarding House, where he died early the next morning. -
White Resistance
Many whites resent new blacks rights. So the white brotherhood and the Ku Klux Klan emerge. This made poor whites feel like they are not at the bottom of the social ladder, that they are bad but not black bad. They punished blacks and the whites who supported the blacks new rights. Grant tries to stop suppression with the Enforcement acts. The Mississippi plan was when whites in Mississippi allied with each other for the election of 1874. They created terror for blacks not to vote. -
Election of 1866
The Republicans bitterly attacked Johnson as a traitor to Lincoln and the nation in their convention in Chicago, nominating General Ulysses S. Grant and House Speaker Schuyler Colfax of Indiana as President and vice president, respectively. Running a "bloody shirt" campaign, which tagged the Democrats as the party of secession and treason, the Republicans swept to victory, winning 53 percent of the popular vote to Seymour's 47 percent. -
Election of 1868
By 1868, Johnson had alienated many of his constituents and had been impeached by Congress. Although Johnson kept his office, his presidency was crippled. After numerous ballots, the Democrats nominated former New York Governor Horatio Seymour to take on the Republican candidate, Civil War general Ulysses S. Grant. Republican Ulysses S. Grant defeated Democrat Horatio Seymour. -
Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses Grant commanded the victorious Union army during the American Civil War and served as the 18th U.S. president from 1869 to 1877. An Ohio native, Grant graduated from West Point and fought in the Mexican-American War. During the Civil War, Grant, an aggressive and determined leader, was given command of all the U.S. armies. After the war he became a national hero, and the Republicans nominated him for president in 1868.A primary focus of Grant’s administration was Reconstruction -
Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879, and even longer in some countries (France and Britain). In Britain, for example, it started two decades of stagnation known as the "Long Depression" that weakened the country's economic leadership. The Panic was known as the "Great Depression" until the events of the early 1930s set a new standard. -
Election of 1876
Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel Tilden of New York was one of the most hostile, controversial campaigns in American history. Tilden won the popular vote and led in the electoral college, but 19 votes from three Republican-controlled states (Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina) remained disputed. Oregon's count was also challenged. Allegations of widespread voter fraud forced Congress to set up a special electoral commission to determine the winner. -
Compromise of 1877
It became clear that the outcome of the race hinged largely on disputed returns from Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina the only three states in the South with Reconstruction-era Republican governments still in power. As a bipartisan congressional commission debated over the outcome early in 1877, allies of the Republican Party candidate Rutherford Hayes met in secret with moderate southern Democrats in order to negotiate acceptance of Hayes’ election.
