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Chapter 18
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Reasons for the Growth of American Imperialism (Section 1)
- Economic Interests: The U.S. sought new markets and resources to fuel its growing industries and maintain economic dominance.
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Reasons for the Growth of American Imperialism (Section 1)
- Strategic Military Bases: Establishing naval bases in foreign territories allowed the U.S. to project power and protect its interests abroad.
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Reasons for the Growth of American Imperialism (Section 1)
- National Security: Americans believed that expanding their influence would strengthen national security by preventing rival nations from gaining a foothold in strategic regions.
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Reasons for the Growth of American Imperialism (Section 1)
- Manifest Destiny: The concept of Manifest Destiny, the belief that it was America's destiny to expand and bring progress to new territories, played a role in justifying imperialistic endeavors.
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Reasons for the Growth of American Imperialism (Section 1)
- Social Darwinism: The ideology of Social Darwinism fueled the belief in American cultural and racial superiority, driving the desire to spread American values and civilization.
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America’s acquisition of Alaska (section 1)
- Purchase from Russia: In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. This acquisition was known as "Seward's Folly" at the time, but it later proved to be a valuable addition to the U.S.
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America’s acquisition of Alaska (section 1)
- Natural Resources: Alaska was rich in natural resources such as gold, timber, and fish, which played a significant role in the economic development of the region and the United States as a whole
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America’s acquisition of Alaska (section 1)
- Strategic Importance: The acquisition of Alaska provided the U.S. with a strategic foothold in the Pacific, allowing for increased trade and military presence in the region
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America’s acquisition of Alaska (section 1)
- Exploration and Expansion: The purchase of Alaska opened up new opportunities for exploration and expansion, with expeditions mapping the land and discovering its vast natural beauty
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America’s acquisition of Hawaii (Section 1)
- Annexation: In 1898, Hawaii was officially annexed by the United States, making it a U.S. territory. This came after years of political maneuvering and pressure from American business interests in the islands
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America’s acquisition of Hawaii (Section 1)
- Economic Interests: The American sugar industry had a significant influence on the annexation of Hawaii. American planters in Hawaii sought favorable trade conditions and protection for their sugar plantations
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America’s acquisition of Hawaii (Section 1)
- Strategic Location: Hawaii's strategic location in the Pacific Ocean made it an ideal naval base for the United States. The U.S. recognized the importance of Hawaii as a coaling station and a way to project power in the Pacific
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America’s acquisition of Hawaii (Section 1)
- Statehood: After several decades as a U.S. territory, Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States in 1959. This marked the culmination of a long journey from annexation to full statehood
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America’s acquisition of Hawaii (Section 1)
- Overthrow of the Monarchy: In 1893, a group of American businessmen and politicians orchestrated the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, leading to the establishment of a provisional government and eventual annexation by the U.S.
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The Spanish-American War: causes, public opinion, events, and outcomes (Section 2)
- Public Opinion: The sinking of the USS Maine sparked outrage in the United States, with sensationalized media coverage fueling a wave of jingoism and a strong desire for war against Spain
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The Spanish-American War: causes, public opinion, events, and outcomes (section 2)
- Impact: The Spanish-American War had significant consequences, including the United States becoming an imperial power, increased tensions with other nations, and debates over imperialism and the role of the U.S. in global affairs
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The Spanish-American War: causes, public opinion, events, and outcomes (Section 2)
- Causes: The main causes of the Spanish-American War were the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor and the desire of the United States to support Cuban independence from Spanish rule
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America and Cuba (Section 3)
- Spanish-American War: In 1898, the United States intervened in the Cuban War of Independence against Spain. As a result, Cuba gained independence from Spain and became a protectorate of the United States until 1902
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America and Puerto Rico (Section 3)
- Spanish-American War: In 1898, the United States gained control of Puerto Rico from Spain as a result of the Spanish-American War. This marked the beginning of America's relationship with Puerto Rico
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The Spanish-American War: causes, public opinion, events, and outcomes (section 2)
- Events: The war began in April 1898 and lasted only a few months. Key events include the Battle of Manila Bay, where the U.S. Navy defeated the Spanish fleet in the Philippines, and the Battle of San Juan Hill, where Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders played a prominent role
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The Spanish-American War: causes, public opinion, events, and outcomes (section 2)
- Outcomes: The Treaty of Paris, signed in December 1898, officially ended the war. Spain recognized Cuban independence and ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. This marked the emergence of the U.S. as a global power
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America and Cuba (section 3)
- Normalization of Relations: In 2014, the United States and Cuba announced the beginning of the process to normalize diplomatic relations after decades of hostility. This led to the reopening of embassies and the easing of travel and trade restrictions
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America and the Philippines (Section 3)
- Spanish-American War: In 1898, the United States acquired the Philippines from Spain as part of the Treaty of Paris, marking the end of Spanish rule in the archipelago
- Philippine-American War: From 1899 to 1902, the United States and Filipino revolutionaries engaged in armed conflict during the Philippine-American War. The war resulted in American control over the Philippines
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America and the Philippines (Section 3)
- Commonwealth Period: In 1935, the Philippines became a Commonwealth of the United States, granting it a degree of self-governance while maintaining American control. This period lasted until the Philippines gained independence in 1946
- World War II: During World War II, the Philippines were occupied by Japan. The United States played a crucial role in liberating the Philippines and supporting its independence after the war
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America and the Philippines (section 3)
- Military Alliance: The United States and the Philippines have maintained a close military alliance through the Mutual Defense Treaty signed in 1951. This alliance has included joint military exercises and cooperation in regional security
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America and China (Section 3)
- Trade Relations: The United States and China have a complex economic relationship, with trade being a major aspect. China is one of America's largest trading partners, but there have been ongoing trade disputes and negotiations
- Diplomatic Relations: The United States formally recognized the People's Republic of China as the legitimate government of China in 1979, establishing diplomatic relations. This led to increased cooperation and exchanges between the two countries
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America and China (section 3)
- Taiwan Issue: The status of Taiwan has been a sensitive topic between the United States and China. While the U.S. acknowledges the One China policy, it also maintains unofficial relations with Taiwan, including arms sales
- Human Rights Concerns: The United States has raised concerns about human rights issues in China, including issues related to freedom of speech, religious freedom, and treatment of ethnic minorities
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America and Puerto Rico (Section 3)
- Economic Relationship: Puerto Rico's economy has been heavily influenced by its relationship with the United States. The island has received economic aid and investment, but it has also faced challenges such as debt and limited economic autonomy
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America and Puerto Rico (Section 3)
- Foraker Act: In 1900, the Foraker Act was passed, establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico under American control. It granted limited self-government to the island but also maintained American authority
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America and Cuba (section 3)
- Platt Amendment: The Platt Amendment, passed in 1901, granted the United States significant control over Cuban affairs. It allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs, established a U.S. naval base in Guantanamo Bay, and limited Cuba's ability to enter into international agreements
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Theodore Roosevelt and the World: his foreign policy and outcomes/impacts (Section 4)
- Panama Canal: One of Roosevelt's most significant foreign policy achievements was the construction of the Panama Canal. The canal provided a crucial shortcut for international trade and bolstered America's global influence
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Theodore Roosevelt and the World: his foreign policy and outcomes/impacts (Section 4)
- Big Stick Diplomacy: Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy, known as "Big Stick Diplomacy," emphasized assertiveness and the use of military power to protect American interests and maintain stability in the Western Hemisphere
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Theodore Roosevelt and the World: his foreign policy and outcomes/impacts (Section 4)
- Roosevelt Corollary: The Roosevelt Corollary was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine, asserting the United States' right to intervene in Latin American countries to protect its economic and political interests
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Theodore Roosevelt and the World: his foreign policy and outcomes/impacts (Section 4)
- Russo-Japanese War: Roosevelt played a key role in mediating the Russo-Japanese War, earning him the Nobel Peace Prize. His efforts helped to stabilize the region and demonstrated America's growing influence on the world stage
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Theodore Roosevelt and the World: his foreign policy and outcomes/impacts (Section 4)
- Conservation and Environmental Diplomacy: Roosevelt's foreign policy also extended to conservation and environmental diplomacy. He established national parks and wildlife refuges, recognizing the importance of preserving natural resources for future generations
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Woodrow Wilson and the World: his foreign policy and outcomes/impacts (Section 4)
- Treaty of Versailles: Wilson was a key figure in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended World War I. The treaty included provisions for territorial changes, reparations, and the establishment of new nations in Europe
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Woodrow Wilson and the World: his foreign policy and outcomes/impacts (Section 4)
- Idealism: Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy was centered around the concept of idealism, emphasizing democracy, self-determination, and international cooperation
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Woodrow Wilson and the World: his foreign policy and outcomes/impacts (Section 4)
- League of Nations: Wilson played a crucial role in the establishment of the League of Nations, an international organization aimed at preventing future conflicts. However, the United States ultimately did not join the League due to opposition in Congress
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Woodrow Wilson and the World: his foreign policy and outcomes/impacts (Section 4)
- Fourteen Points: Wilson's most significant contribution to international relations was his Fourteen Points, a plan for peace after World War I. It called for open diplomacy, free trade, disarmament, and the establishment of the League of Nations
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Woodrow Wilson and the World: his foreign policy and outcomes/impacts (Section 4)
- Impact: Wilson's foreign policy had a significant impact on the world stage. While his idealistic vision faced challenges and the United States did not fully embrace internationalism at the time, his ideas laid the groundwork for future international organizations and influenced subsequent foreign policies
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America and Puerto Rico (Section 3)
- Jones Act: The Jones Act, passed in 1917, granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship and extended some civil rights. It also allowed for the election of a Puerto Rican legislature
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America and Puerto Rico (Section 3)
- Commonwealth Status: In 1952, Puerto Rico became a self-governing commonwealth associated with the United States. While Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens, they do not have full voting representation in Congress
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America’s acquisition of Alaska (section 1)
- Statehood: In 1959, Alaska became the 49th state of the United States, further solidifying its importance and integration into the country
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America and Cuba (section 3)
- Cuban Revolution: In 1959, Fidel Castro led a successful revolution in Cuba, overthrowing the U.S.-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista. This marked a significant shift in the relationship between the U.S. and Cuba
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America and Cuba (section 3)
- Cuban Missile Crisis: In 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union came to the brink of nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The crisis was sparked by the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, leading to a tense standoff between the two superpowers