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Socrates developed the Socratic Method. (470-399 BCE) According to Garrett (1998), he would ask continuous questions until a contradiction was exposed thus proving the fallacy of the initial assumption. He was a deep thinker who did not follow traditional pedagogy, he emphasized self discovery and reasoning skills. -
Plato’s Philosophy (427-347 BCE) helped to influence the authoritarian teaching style. Plato was first to suggest an equal education opportunity for both women and men. There is potential for a strong influence from Spartan philosophy. His work, “The Republic” laid the foundation for pedagogy. -
Aristotle (384-322 BCE) never spoke specifically about Pedagogy vs. Andragogy, but he gave a lot of insight to how humans should be educated. Aristotle believed that, “all ages should be educated to serve the state, but that the approach one uses to teach humans to serve differs.” Humans should be educated according to three stages. Aristotle focuses on methods to best support different age groups. -
John Amos Comenius (1592-1670) was known as the “Father of Modern Education.” His pedagogical work Great Didactic was remarkable and presented the whole education system. He found methods that were suitable for both children and adults. -
The German Teacher, Alexander Kapp (1800-1869) was the first one who used the “andragogy” concept as a way of saying “adult learning.” In 1833, he published the famous book, "latons Erziehungslehre, als Pädagogik für die Einzelnen und als Staatspädagogik. "Oder dessen praktische Philosophie” translated to “Plato’s Educational Ideas.” Kapp focuses on younger people’s education as well as adults and how there should be separation. -
The Formation of American Lyceums (1834-1840) was an early movement that organized adult education. It was named after a place where Aristotle taught the youth of Ancient Greece. Each lyceum was dedicated to the widespread knowledge and educating as many people as possible. By 1840, they had become professionalized institutions. Lyceums contributed heavily to the development of curriculum, libraries, and museums. -
Eduard C. Lindeman (1926) wrote one of the first books on community development. His book was called, The Meaning of Adult Education. He was an advocate for group work, and social education. -
The founding of UNESCO (1945) was a pivotal point in the world of education. There was a strong emphasis on the need to educate adults. Education is a specific focus and UNESCO works to provide activities and funding. UNESCO sees education as a lifelong process and supports adult’s will to succeed academically. -
Ralph Tyler’s Objective Model (1949) is one of the most famous modernist models of curriculum development. There are three main components: purposes, experiences, methods, and evaluations. His model was influential in the development of pedagogy. -
Malcolm Knowles developed the Andragogy Principles. (1968) Andragogy is, “the concept or study of how adults learn and how it differs from children.” Knowles developed five key assumptions which include: self-concept, adult learner experience, readiness to learn, and motivation to learn. -
Paulo Freire and the Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1970) approach is often known as, “the gangan method.” This approach discusses learners taking control of their education and advocating for themselves. Frierie focused on dialogics, and “the awakening of critical consciousness.” -
The Digital Revolution and Online Learning has become the future for both children and adults. (second half of 20th century and beyond) Digital electronics have become an important and crucial part of education. Digital Technology has been transformative as there are many resources available such as Learning Management Systems, AR/VR, and AI Technology.