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1893- Children denied access to public education
This Massachusetts court case upheld the expulsion of a student solely due to poor cognitive/academic ability. During this time, exclusion was the "rule." -
Plessy vs. Ferguson
Landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the clause "separate, but equal." Racial segregation in all aspects of life were acceptable, including public education. This isn't specific to education, but impacted public policy and how people perceived differences. -
Brown vs. Board of Education
Landmark case in which U.S. Supreme court overruled Plessy vs. Ferguson, stating separate but equal was unequal. This decision led to the understanding and philosophy that people regardless of their differences (gender, race, disability) have a right to public education. -
Mills vs. Board of Education
Lawsuit filed against district of Columbia in which the court ruled that students with disabilities must be given access to public education even if they can't afford to pay for it.Extended protection from PARC vs. Pennsylvania. -
PARC
Legal case in state of Pennsylvania in which the state agreed to educate children with mental retardation; this guaranteed FAPE for students with significant mental disabilities. This revered previous law that said students could not "benefit" from an education if they had not reached a mental age of "five". It also started the de-institutionalization of people with intellectual disabilities. -
Section 504: Rehabilitation Act
This law protected individuals with disabilities from discrimination in programs which receive federal funds; schools must provide accommodations as necessary to access their education. -
Education for All Handicapped Children (EAHCA) - Public law 94-142
Granted equal access to FAPE for all students and required states to accept money from the federal government to provide equal access fpr children. Reeauthorized and improved over time (evolved into IDEA) with guaranteed protections: zero reject, Individualized Education Program, appropriate evaluation, procedural safeguards, child/parent participation, and a free, appropriate public education -
Honing vs. Doe
U.S. Supreme Court addressed the issue of expelling a student whose actions manifested from their disability; the court ruled that a district cannot exclude or expel a child when it is a result of their disability. This strengthened procedures for placement and discrimination based on disability. -
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Non discrimination act against people with disabilities, specifically schools are required to make modifications to policies and practices to ensure participation for students in ALL activities -
Reauthorized IDEA
EHA became the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act with amendments that emphasized access to the same curriculum and included consultation, child find, early intervention, and transition planning. -
No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
NCLB was a law signed by President W. Bush that stated all students should be proficient in math and reading by 2014. It also had ramifications for teacher qualification and school accountability. Most notorious for the president who implemented it and the high stakes testing, this law focused on performance in a variety of student groups and federal funding. -
IDEA Improvement Act of 2004
IDEA reauthorized including changes to school personnel, new standard for manifestation determination, authority of the hearing officer, timeline for appeals, and the standard for a child not yet eligible. Failure to comply also had funding contingencies.
