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Brown v. Board of Education
African Americans were denied equal access to public schools. Defendants claimed that separate but equal was ok. Brown et. al. sued on the grounds that separate was a violation of the 14th Amendment. Ruled in favor of Brown. Prohibited segregation in public schools on the basis of race; separate but equal is not equal -
Civil Rights Act
Banning discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex or national origin. This included in schools, in voting and in hiring and firing procedures, and any federally funded program. End of the "Jim Crow" laws, affirmed that separate but equal is inherently not equal. -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Providing equal access and education to students from low income areas. Gave support to children who needed it most. Provided free and reduced lunch programs. It also created initiatives, such as providing an increase in number of teachers, for areas serving low income students -
PARC v. Commonwealth of PA
Schools in Pennsylvania were denying public education to students not performing at a certain level or who would have a hard time integrating in classrooms. Ruled in favor of PARC. Any child, regardless of disability, could benefit from education. -
Mills v. Board of Education
Class action law suit in which students with disabilities were being excluded and expelled from public schools in DC and were unable to afford private education. Schools must provide services that special education students need without adding any cost to the parents of those students -
The Rehabilitation Act 504
This legislation focused on providing equality to people with disabilities. People with disabilities can not be denied any benefits or discriminated against in any programs that receives federal funding or is conducted by any federal agency. -
The Education for All Handicapped Children's Act (PL 94-142)
First definition of Least Restrictive Environment asserted that children with disabilities should spend as much time as possible with their same aged peers, began the requirement of individualized education plans, requires FAPE for students with disabilities -
Armstrong v. Kline
Class action lawsuit aimed at obtaining a school program longer than 180 days in order to lessen regression. Outcome was that schools needed to provide FAPE and in some cases that might be in excess of 180 days based on the severity of the disability and specific needs of the student -
Larry P. v. Riles
Black children were being wrongfully placed in special education classes (EMR) due to racial bias in selected IQ tests. Courts ruled in favor of the students and schools could no longer used racially biased tests to place black students in EMR classes. -
Hendrick Hudson School v. Rowley
First time that the courts had to interpret EHA. Schools were obligated to provide an education that is considered sufficient but not necessarily the very best public education. Judges had to defined the terms free, appropriate public education. -
Irving Independent School District v. Tatro
Irving SD did not want to provide catheterization as a relate service. Went to supreme court. Unanimous ruling in favor of Tatro. The school must provide CIC; also defined 'related service' as is applies to students with health related or medical needs in order to attend school -
Burlington School Committee v. DOE
A students was not making progress in public school so the parents pulled him out and placed him in a specialized school. The IEP team recommended a different placement. The outcome provided procedural safeguards and parent input in IEPs. -
EHA Amendment (1986)
FAPE should be extended to younger children of ages 3-5
Early Intervention was created for children with developmental delays -
Honig v. Doe
Focus was on the "stay put" provision. Students were indefinitely expelled despite having emotional/behavioral disorders. Ruled that schools can no longer expel students for behaviors that are a manifestation of their disabilities -
Danny R.R. v. State Board of Education
Focus was LRE. Students with disabilities had the right to be included in as many aspects of general education as possible. -
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
This law prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment and gives them an opportunity to have any needed services, accommodations and transportation. This law made it illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities in all settings, including in the field of education. -
EHA Amendment (1990)
Made due process possible in education. Also afforded students the right to privacy of informations. Added transition programs to special education. -
Board of Education in Sacramento CA v. Holland
Focus was on a child with moderate disabilities. School district felt her disability was too severe for her to receive benefits from inclusion efforts in the general education classes and wanted her only in the classroom for nonacademic activities. Court sided with the child, schools need to consider the use of accommodations, and social benefits etc. when deciding if a child can benefit from inclusion. -
Oberti v. Board of Education
A student with Down Syndrome was entering Kindergarten and due to the nature of his disabilities the school wanted to place him in a self contained program not at his base school. His parents wants him in the least restrictive environment with opportunities to see modeled behavior from non-disabled peers. Outcome was LRE, Also the use of supplementary aids and services in order to make accommodations in general education -
EHA/IDEA Amendment (1997)
Mediation was granted, General education teachers are part of the IEP team, all students can take state tests including those with disabilities, behavior management plans, students cannot be expelled without services. Inclusion movement began -
Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garrett F.
Focus on a student that required one-on-one care due to complicated medical needs. School district did not want to provide the costly accommodation. Court found that if the nursing services made it possible for the child to attend school and benefit from education, then that should be provided as a related service. -
No Child Left Behind
Early intervention reading programs, accountability of schools to provide meaningful education, ability of students to attend schools that are considered successful. -
IDEA Amendment (2004) IDEIA
Higher standards were made for special education teachers. Teachers now need to be highly qualified to teach with additional components for licensure . Schools now use 'response to intervention' as an important part of education. Funding for early intervention was added to close the achievement gap -
Gaskin v. Commonwealth of PA
Key focus was PA had a low rate of inclusion when compared nationally. Case wanted to increase the number of students being educated with non disabled peers. Outcome was schools had to provide the supports necessary to make inclusion work, per IDEA. -
Endrew F v. the Douglas County School District
Student was not making progress in his placement, so parents put him in a special school for autism and sued for reimbursement. Supreme Court ruled that providing students with the bare minimum does not meet the requirements of IDEA.