A Europe Changed: Shifting Perceptions of the Relationship Between Different Socio-Economic Groups and of Hierarchical Structure in European Society from 1648 to 1948
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Period: to
Shifting Perceptions of the Relationship Between Different Socio-Economic Groups and of Hierarchical Structure in European Society
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The memoirs of Cardinal de Retz are published.
de Gondi, Jean François Paul, Cardinal de Retz. "The Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz, Complete". Paris: 1705. These memoirs concern Cardinal de Retz's life and discuss in detail both his role as a leader during the Fronde (1648-1653) and his perception of the event. -
The etching "The Awakening of the Third Estate" is completed.
“The Awakening of the Third Estate.” Etching. 1879. This etching was completed during the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789-1799). It depicts a clergyman and nobleman, from the first and second estate respectively, recoiling from a man representing the third estate who is rising from the ground. -
Robert Owen publishes "A New View of Society" in his text "A New View of Society and Other Writings".
Owen, Robert. “A New View of Society: Fourth Essay.” In "A New View of Society and Other Writings", London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1927. "A New View of Society" explains and promotes Owen's utopian socialism ideology, which advocated, among other things, the abolishment of the Poor Laws and workhouses as well as greater opportunity for the British working-class and urban poor to receive education. -
Tsar Alexander II of Russia issues the "Emancipation Manifesto".
Alexander II. "Emancipation Manifesto". 1861. The "Emancipation Manifesto" abolished serfdom in Russia, freeing both land and household serfs. Although the effects of emancipation on Russia's social structure were only gradually noticable, the abolition of serfdom was nonetheless a monumental event. -
George R. Sims publishes his poem, "In the Workhouse: Christmas Day".
Sims, George R. "In the Workhouse: Christmas Day". 1879. Sims' poem conveys the ineffectiveness of the Poor Laws and workhouses, and reveals the superficiality of wealthy British men and women's 'charity' towards the poor. -
Octav Bancila completes his painting "1907".
Bancila, Octav. “1907.” Bancila's painting depicts a Romanian peasant running through a field, likely towards state troops sent by the Romanian government to end the Romanian peasant revolt of 1907. The peasant continues to mount a resistance to the troops, even though many of his peers have been shot.
