-
-
The ENIAC was the first general purpose electronic computer, was 10 feet tall, covered 1,000 square feet, and consumed as much energy as a small town. Once a program was written, several people loaded it by setting switches, dials, and cable connections. -
-
Where it attracted attention. (It was first published in 1950, as were Claude Shannon’s “Programming a Computer for Playing Chess” and Isaac Asimov’s three laws of robotics.) -
In the United States, the HFS formed in 1957 and focused on improving the efficiency of skilled performance, reducing errors in skilled performance, and training people to achieve skilled performance.
-
More powerful and reliable solid-state computers, first available commercially.
As they were acquired to support scientific and engineering tasks outside research settings, less computer-savvy operators needed better interfaces, and people envisioned uses of computers that had been unimaginable for barn-sized machines of limited capability. -
-
British researcher Brian Shackel published the article, “Ergonomics for a Computer,” followed in 1962 by “Ergonomics in the Design of a Large Digital Computer Console.” These described the redesign of the consoles for the EMIac and EMIdec 2400 analog and digital computers. -
IPTO funding was crucial in launching computer-science departments and establishing artificial intelligence -
Ted Nelson, in 1960, while a graduate student in sociology, the inventor of the term “hypertext” founded Project Xanadu to create an easily used computer network. -
Pew (2003) described the breakthrough 1960 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-1 as “truly a computer with which an individual could interact.” The PDP-1 came with CRT display, keyboard, light pen, and paper-tape reader. It cost about $1 million and had the capacity of a Radio Shack TRS 80 20 years later. -
-
They identified capabilities that were ripe for development: timesharing of a computer among many users; electronic input-output surfaces for the display and communication of symbolic and pictorial information; interactive, real-time support for programming and information processing; large-scale information storage and retrieval systems; and facilitation of human cooperation. -
Licklider identified his ARPA colleagues as “the members and affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network,” anticipating the Internet that ARPA would be instrumental in developing -
Sutherland’s 1963 PhD thesis, describing the Sketchpad system built on the TX-2 with the intention of making computers “more approachable,” is arguably the most impressive and influential document in the history of HCI. Sketchpad launchedcomputer graphics, setting into motion a field of research that would have a decisive impact on HCI 20 years later. -
MIT’s Project Mac, founded in 1963 by Marvin Minsky and others, initially received $13 million per year, rising to $24 million in 1969. ARPA also sponsored the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at Stanford Research Institute, AI research at SRI and CMU, and Nicholas Negroponte’s Machine Architecture Group at MIT. -
Control Data Corp. launched the transistor-based 6000 series computers -
The first commercial computers based on integrated circuits arrived with the IBM System/360. These powerful systems, later called mainframes to distinguish them from minicomputers, brought computing into the business realm. -
-
Beginning in 1967, the journal Management Science published a column titled “Information Systems in Management Science.” Early definitions of IS included “an integrated man/machine system for providing information to support the operation, management, and decision-making functions in an organization” and “the effective design, delivery and use of information systems in organizations” -
Engelbart conceptualized and implemented the foundations of word processing, invented or refined input devices including the mouse and multikey control box, and made use of multidisplay environments that integrated text, graphics, and video in windows. In 1968, these would be demonstrated in a sensational 90-minute event at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco -
Brian Shackel founded the Human Sciences and Advanced Technology (HUSAT) center at Loughborough University in the UK, which was devoted to ergonomics research emphasizing HCI. -
PARC was founded to advance computer technology by developing new hardware, programming languages, and programming environments. -
-
The Computer Systems Technical Group (CSTG) of the HFS formed; soon it was the largest technical group in the society.
Leading publications were the general journal Human Factors and, starting in 1969, the computer-focused International Journal of Man-Machine Studies (IJMMS). -
The first widely read HCI book was James Martin’s 1973 Design of Man-Computer Dialogues. A comprehensive survey of interfaces for operation and data entry, it began with an arresting opening chapter that described a world in transition. -
At Xerox, Larry Tesler and Tim Mott took another step, recognizing that the Alto could support a graphical interface accessible to untrained people. By early 1974, they had developed the GYPSY text editor, which along with Xerox’s Bravo editor developed by Charles Simonyi preceded and influenced Microsoft Word. -
The American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS, parent organization of ACM and IEEE at the time) held the first of seven annual Office Automation conferences with an associated product exhibition.
-
IBM prepared to launch the PC, a groundswell of attention to computer user behavior was building. IBM had recently added software to hardware as a product focus. Several cognitive psychologists joined an IBM research group that included John Gould, who had engaged in human factors research since the late 1960s. -
-
The ACM Special Interest Group on Social and Behavioral Science Computing (SIGSOC) extended its workshop to cover interactive software design and use.
-
-
-
-
-
ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems (TOOIS) emerged, one year after the independent journal Office: Technology and People. -
AT&T had had the most employees and the most customers of any U.S. company. Neither customers nor employees had much discretion in technology use, so AT&T and its Bell Laboratories division had focused on improving training and efficiency through Human Factors -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
The publication of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, edited by Irene Greif, and SIGCHI’s management of the biennial CSCW conferences held in North America. -
GUIs were particularly attractive to new users. Their success immediately affected the CHI field. However, not until Windows 3.0 succeeded in 1990 did GUIs have much influence among government agencies and business organizations that were the focus of the other HCI researchers. -
-
-
