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John Dewey
John Dewey believed in student-centered, active learning that was based on experiences. This became the forefront for progressive education. This impacted education, because many schools shifted to this active learning that was based around hands-on activities, rather than students sitting in a classroom listening to the teacher lecture for hours a day with facts being drilled in their head. An example of technology that reflects Progressivism is virtual field trips. See dewey 2. -
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This field trip is an example of hands on learning, because students can go to a site, see real life pictures, and explore a location on their own. For example, in college, I went on a virtual field trip to a dig in the mesopotamian region. I could explore the site myself, and read about what interested me. It was a way to get an experience for myself without actually visiting the dig. -
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Computer Technology in Education
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Vygotsky
Vygotsky believed that social interaction played a large role in cognitive development. He believed that higher mental processes are co-constructed during shared activities between learners (or the learner and teacher). He also believed in cultural tools to help support thinking, scaffolding, and the importance of language. This was important in education because teachers started to follow modeling techniques and use cultural tools to help support learning, such as manipulatives, technology... -
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and visual learning to help foster learning in the classroom. Education also became more collaborative where teachers modeled and students worked together to learn more. An example of technology that reflects this is a wiki. Teachers can pose a question or a discussion topic online, and students can post responses on it, and interact socially together to learn about a topic. -
Gagne
Robert Gagne published the conditions of learning, which were verbal, intellectual, cognitive, attitudes, and motor skills. He also has nine events of instruction and is tied to Skinner's idea of sequenced learning events. He impacted education because he said that students have to build certain skills and there is an order to effective learning. You can't follow the events out of order or the students will not be able to learn effectively. Continue on for technology... -
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His theories are widely used in lesson plans across the country that follow Madeleine Hunter's ideas. Any technology can be applied in this case as long as the correct sequencing of steps are followed. An example of using technology in the classroom to follow his principles would be instructing students on how to make a graphic organizer using Kidspiration. You would first gain the students' attention, by using a grabber. You can gain the student's attention with youtube, or showing a visual -
BF Skinner 2
Technology that can be used to reinforce Skinner's theory are multiplication games online, where students practice their skills by repeatedly playing games. When they are successful, they will learn the correct responses, when they get the answers wrong, they will eliminate those answers. The students will learn through repetitive practice. -
B.F. Skinner
B.F. Skinner believed in Operant Conditioning, where certain behaviors can be learned by reacting to pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. One of his inventions was a "Skinner Box" where rats would step on a pedal in order to get food. They learned the behavior that when they stepped on the bar the food would fall out. This theory impacted education because is spurred the movement of behaviorism, where students would learn behavior by repetitive activities and reinforcements. See next box for tech. -
First Computer Used for Instruction
Flight simulator trains MIT pilots -
Jerome Bruner
Jerome Bruner emphasized concept learning and the importance of active learning, concept maps, and inductive learning to reach a true understanding of the subject. A large part of his theory was discovery learning, where students work on their own to discover basic principles. This impacted education, because it allowed for a way where students can discover on their own, make their own concept maps and solve problems to create their own understanding of the subject. -
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An example of using technology to support Bruner's theory is for the teacher to give basic information about volcanos, and then have the students pick their own volcanoes to research and study to understand how this knowledge applies in real life situations. The students would be able to look up information, find pictures, and learn on their own how volcanoes work. With the internet, and so many visuals, it is conducive to discovery learning, because students can access a lot of knowledge. -
First Computer Used with Schoolchildren
IBM 650 computer teaches binary arithmetic in NYC -
University Time Sharing Systems
Faculty/students in universities across the country use mainfram systems for programming and shared utilities. -
Computer Assisted instruction movement emerges
Large-scale federally funded university projects use mainframe/minicomputer systems with schools. -
Piaget
Piaget believed that people organized information into schemes, and when they learned something new, they either assimilated the new information into their existing schemes, or accomodated that information, and changed their schemes to respond to the new knowledge. He also believed in the four stages of cognitive development, where students cannot understand the higher level of thinking, without passing through the lower stages first. This impacted education because different associations and -
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teachers have created guidelines for developmentally appropriate education. This focus means that we can learn about how children think to create activites that are appropriate and conducive to their learning. An example of using technology to fit Piaget's theory would be to use the smart board, where children in the concrete-operational stage, can manipulate objects themselves on the board to understand the law of conservation. Students can see this and try it on their own. -
First Email was sent out
Ray Tomlinson created email. -
Mainframe and minicomputer applications dominate field
Schools begin using computers for instruction and administration. -
CAI Movement Declines; computer literacy movement begins
Arthur Lehrmann coins term computer literacy for skills in programming and using software tools. -
First Microcomputers enter schools
Using desktop systems, classroom teachers begin to take back control of instructional and administrative applications from distric data-processing offices. -
Microcomputer applications spawn movements
Field focuses on software publishing initiatives and teacher authoring software. The computer literacy computers-as-tools approach gives way to Logo's computer-based, problem-solving approach. -
Gardner
Gardner believed in the theory of multiple intelligences where there are eight kinds of human abilities, and teachers should teach with all of the intelligences to build a well-rounded child, and teach to all of the student's strengths. This impacted education because schools are now trying to personalize education and give students options on projects and activities that will play to their strengths. -
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An example of technology that would work with this theory is that students can use several intelligences at once when they are working with technology. With all of the software and programs today, students can manipulate information, see videos visually, create their own music, and so much more. If a teacher assigned a research project, there is so much technology at the student's disposal where he or she can learn according to their needs and adapt to their strengths. -
Integrated Learning Systems Emerge
Schools begin to see ILS networked systems as cost-effective solutions for instruction to address required standards; marks movement away from stand-alon systems and toward central server with connected computers. -
Interactive White Boards were Invented
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World Wide Web Emerges
First browser (mosaic) transforms a formerly text-based Internet into a combination of text and graphics. Teachers enter the "Information Superhighway" -
International Society for Technology in Education
Creates Standards to guide technology skills for students -
Internet Use Explodes
Online and distance learning increases in higher education then in K-12 schools -
Wikipedia was created
Wikipedia provided the first free encyclopedia where users could add their own information. While this site is not reliable, it is widely used to find information by students and adults alike. -
International Society for Technology in Education
issues new updated standards for teachers, students and administrators.
