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Social Activism Theory: The belief that learning is a social experiment, learning should be a hands on activity with strong connections to real world issues and concerns. The curriculum students are taught should come from the students’ interests & be used as integrated topics, not isolated skills. The Social Activism Theory teacher would create thematic units that could incorporate all subject areas using specific class interest.
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The use of video clips, magazines, YouTube & Wiki are just a few items that may help interest students since these items may peek their interest.
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Scaffolding Theory:”learning is a cognitive building process”. Learning is a cognitive development which is shaped by one’s differences & the influence of culture. Adults are considered experts, while children are novices. Teachers should tailor instruction to meet the students’ needs &/or preferences. Teachers can use a wide array of supports: visual aids, computer, graphic organizers, video clip, diagrams & more.
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Child Development Theory: is based on stages of development. “Learning is cognitive growth through neurological & social maturation.” All children go through 4 stages of cognitive growth & development: sensory motor, preoperational, concrete and formal operational stages by interacting with their environment. In unfamiliar settings children will either respond with assimilation-try to fit it into their view “understanding their surroundings”, or accommodate-change their view.
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Students must have their instruction matched to the developmental stage they are currently in. Computer based games for different stages, smart board, white boards & interaction between peers are strategies that can be accommodated to fit different age levels or stages.
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Each support can be adjusted to fit whatever skill level the student is at & can be easily implemented.
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Computer-driven fight simulator trains MIT pilots.
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Behaviorist Theory: Learning is a stimulus response. Learning happens within the mind & can only be inferred by observation of the learned behavior. Teachers can change students’ behaviors by reinforcing the desired behaviors and “punishing” the undesired/negative behavior. A token economy may work well with the Behaviorist Theory by rewarding the class for a desired behavior. If a negative behavior occurs there would be no reward.
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IBM 650 computer teaches binary arithmetic in NYC.
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Faculty/students in universities across the country use mainframe systems for programming and shared utilities.
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Cognitive-Behavioral Theory
Providing Conditions for Learning-learning is shaped with the best instructional conditions. There are 9 events that affect the conditions of learning: gaining attention, informing the learner of the objective, stimulating recall of prerequisite learning, presenting the stimulus material, providing learning guidance, eliciting the performance, providing feedback about performance, assessing the performance and enhancing retention & transfer. -
Discovery Learning: is cognitive growth & development through interaction with their environment. According to Discovery Learning, teachers need to allow their students to explore & interact within their environment. Teachers could use hands-on manipulative: hand-on science experiments, observation of life cycles of caterpillars, observation of seed to a plant, video clips, smart board & role plays.
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He also identified five major categories of learning: verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes. Different internal and external conditions are necessary for each type of learning. Teachers need to provide scaffolding with a sequence of instruction that is appropriate for the student's type of learning. Graphic organizers can be used since they provide help with remembering steps & procedures.
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Large-scale, federally funded university projects use mainframe/minicomputer systems with schools
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Schools begin using computer for instructional and administration CDC President William Noris (1977) announces PLATO will revolutionize instruction.
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Arthur Luehrmann coins term computer literacy for skill in programming and usies software tools (e.g, words processing) Molnar (1978) waants that non-computer literate students will be educationally disadvantaged.
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Using desktop system, classroom teachers begin to take control of instructional and administrative applications from districts data-processing offices.
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Sony Walkman TPS-L2, it was about 14 ounces. It was large portable readio compared to today's standards. It ran on 2 AA batteries and provided privacy because there were no external speakers.
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Field focuses on software publishing intiatives and teacher authoring software. The computer-as-tools approach gives way to Logo's computer-based, problem-solving approache.
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Schools beging to seee ILS networked systems as cost-efective solutions for instruction to address required standards, marks movement away from stand-alone systems and toward central server with connected computers
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Multiple Intelligences Theory: learning is shaped by one’s own innate intelligence: linguistic- use of language, musical-communication by writing & playing music, logical mathematical-logical reasoning. Spatial-sees the world visually & is able to recreate items after seeing them. Bodily kinesthetic-uses their body & tools skillfully. Intrapersonal-introspective thinker (looks within one’s self). Interpersonal-notices other’s moods & their changes.
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They are able to identify other’s motives for behavior. Naturalist-can discriminate among living things. Instruction is given in a variety of ways to fit each students’ type of intelligences, but all topics and materials are to be used to attain competence of a subject matter. A wide array of items may be used as visuals (computers, graphic organizer, smart boards), auditory materials (tape recorders, lectures, discussions), role play, group work, creative writing, sequence charts or events.
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These are just a few items that would help several types of multiple intelligences for they allow for options and diversity.
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1st browser (Mosaic) transforms a formerly text-based Internet inot a combination of text and graphics. Teachers enter the "Information Superhigh Way".
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It is an online tools used to create and share documents. "...provides institutions with the most advanced, complete, and user-friendly web-based tools for developing, assessing, and measuring student learning and more. With LiveText's Accreditation Management System, institutions can provide its students, faculty, administration, and stakeholders the best assurance of its commitment to accountability, continuous improvement, and excellence in education."-http://education.unlv.edu/livetext/abou
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ISTE sponsors creation of Nationsl Educational Technology Standards (NETS) to guide technology skills, 1st for students, then for teachers and admionistration.
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Online and distance learning increases in higher education, then in K-12 schools.
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Three former PayPal employees created. In November 2006, YouTube, LLC was bought by Google Inc. for $1.65 billion, and is now operated as a subsidiary of Google.
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Issuses new, updated standards for teachers, studnets and administrators.
