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Jean Piaget
Piaget began publishing his findings in 1921. He has identified four stages of cognitive development. They are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal operations. The sensiomotor stage lasts from birth to 2 years and is when children use their senses and motor movements to explore their environment. Preoperational refers to the stage between the ages of 2 and 7 when children start applying symbols to objects to form words and meanings. From 7-11 children go through... -
Piaget (cont.)
...a concrete stage where they start applying logic and problem solving strategies. Lastly, people go through a formal operation stage where they can apply logic to more abstract ideas. This impacts education because students at certain grade levels are not ready to learn some content. This also effects behavior management. Students can not understand abstract rules or behaviors. At each stage students are more ready to work with technology. In the early stages, technology is far too ... -
Piaget (part 3)
...complex. Later in life students become more ready to work with technology. It also helps identify when students are ready for more complex technologies to be introduced. Early on students can work with basic computer games (preoperational) and once they enter the concrete and formal stages, students are really ready to manipulate technologies to create great work on various programs and with different mediums. -
John Dewey
Dewey's theory that learning as a social experience states that learning is individual growth that comes about through social experiences. This is increased through hands on activities and working with real-world problems. Students should learn and be taught what interests them. While teachers would love to teach to this principle, many are unable to because of state standards and No Child Left Behind. Private schools are able to cater to student interests more often than public schools.... -
Dewey (cont.)
Technology does help to bridge the gap for teachers between teaching to meet standards and to bring in student interests. Teachers can plan research projects that meet standards of technology and language arts and students can research a topic that interests them. Students also tend to be more interested in any project that involves computers, videos, an itouch or any other form of technology -
First Computer Used for Instruction
Computer-driven flight simulator trains MIT pilots -
First Computer in School
The first computer used with school children is an IBM 650 computer that teachers binary arithmetic. Used in NYC -
University Time-Sharing
University time-sharing systems. Faculty/students in universities across the country use mainframe systems for programming and shared utilites. -
J. Bruner
Bruner's theory of Discovery Learning states that students learn most when they discover things for themselves. This clearly impacts education because students will be more likely to learn when they can explore, manipulate and do experiments than when a teacher lectures them on a particular idea or concept and tells them it is important. Technology is a tool that can be manipulated by students. Using the internet students can do research and discover information for themselves. When using... -
Bruner (cont.)
a new tech program, students can teach themselves new features using prior knowledge of other programs. Once students have a base knowledge of computer programs, they can figure out many features of newer programs. -
B.F. Skinner
Skinner's theory of Operant Conditioning impacted education because teachers can apply his theory for behavior modification, classroom management and programed instruction. The theory states when the S-R (Stimulas- Response) pattern is reinforced, an individual is conditioned to respond. Currently, I think technology is often used as a reward using this model. When students behave a certain way, they are rewarded with computer time. Teachers also use videos as class rewards for behavior or.. -
Skinner (cont.)
...or videos can be used to reward a class for successfully finishing a novel or project. -
CAI
Computer assisted instruction movement emerges. Large-scale, federally funded university projects use mainframe/minicomputer systems with schools. -
Mainframe and Minicomputers
Mainframe and Minicomputer applicatiosn dominate field. Schools begin using computers for instruction and administration CDC President William Norris (1977) announces PLATO will revolutionize instruction -
CAI Movement Declines
CAI movement declines; computer literacy movement begins. Arthur Luehrmann coins term "computer literacy" for skills in programming and using software tools (e.g., word processing). Molnar (1978) warns that non-computer literate students will be educationally disadvantaged. -
First Microcomputers
First microcomputers enter schools. Using desktop systems, classroom teachers begin to take back control of instruction and administrative application from district data-processing offices. -
L. Vygotsky
Vygotsky's theory explains that the difference between learning as adults and as children lies in the Zone of Proximal Development. One's ZPD is fully developed as an adult after much social interaction. This also impacts learning because Vygotsky explains that students learn best through scaffolding. You need to build upon student's prior knowledge. Teachers can use this information to shape their curriculum and include technology. Instruction needs to be differentiated since not all .... -
Vygotsky (cont.)
...students are at the same level when they enter a classroom. Teachers can use technology to differentiate instruction between students. When creating presentations not only do you need to differentiate the content of the presentation, you may need to differentiate the layout of the presentation. Not all students have had the same level of exposure to technology so students will have to start with what they know and build on from that. -
Microcomputer Applications
Microcomputer applications spawn movements. Field focuses on software publishing initiatives and teacher authoring software. The computer literacy computers-as-tools approach gives way to Logo's computer-based, problme-solving approach. -
R. Gagne
Gange's original theory was developed in 1962 and used for military training. In 1987 he addressed instructional technology in learning. He states that there are different levels of learning. The nine levels are reception, expectancy, retrieval, selective perception, semantic encoding, responding, reinforcement, assessment, and generalization. Teachers can use this information to teach students at different levels. Students are at different levels when they come into a class.... -
Gagne (cont.)
...and teachers need to be able to teach students from their current level. Technology can be used along with this principle because programs can be used at different instructional levels and with "optimal instructional conditions". For example, Timetoast.com can be used at the recall level having students copy a timeline down or at an assessment level to see if students can put events they have learned about in order. When assessing how well a site will work with a plan, teachers need.... -
Gagne (part 3)
...a particular plan, teachers can think which instructional levels they will be targeting. Teachers also use this hierarchy for diferentiation in the classroom. -
Howard Gardner
Gardner has identified 8 innate intelligences. Linguistic, Musical, Logical-mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-kinesthetic, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Naturalistic. Many of these intelligences are required for different technological programs. Seeing as this is one of the more recent theories, one connection I have made is the development of more active games. Devices like the Wii bring together more body movements and spatial perception. Video games can target many of the levels identified -
Gardner (cont.)
This also impacts education in the way of differentiation. Students don't only come into your classroom at a different level academically, they also have different learning styles and creative strengths. Allowing your students to present a project using technology, a painting or a song is one way to motivate your students and work to their strengths. -
Text Message :)
The first text message was sent in 1992. While text messages didn't take off right away they have gained in popularity. There have been negative reports lately with texts involving cyberbullying and texting while driving. -
World Wide Web
First browser (Mosaic) transforms a formerly text-based Internet into a combination of text and graphics. Teachers enter the "information superhighway" -
Social Networking
The first social networking site was created in 1997. Currently there are millions of users on sites like Facebook, Myspace, and Twitter. -
ISTE
International Society for Technology in Education creates standards. ISTE sponsors creation of National Educational Technology skills, first for students, then for teachers and administrators. -
Internet Explodes
Online and distance learning increases in higher education, then in K-12 schools -
ISTE...
International Society for Technology in Education issues new, updated standards for teachers, students and administrators. -
ILSs
Integrated Learning Systems (ILSs) emerge. Schools begin to see ILS networked systems as cost-effective solutions for instruction to address required standards; marks movement away from stand-alone systems and toward central server with connected computers -
My School
In my current school, we have a lot of technology to work with. Teachers have access to iTouches, Smartboards in most rooms, document cameras in each room, projectors in every room, a laptop cart per 3 classrooms, flip cameras, various educational programs loaded on the computers, and much more. Sadly, not everything gets used by the classroom teachers and especially not by the resoruce teachers.
