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Location: Fertile Crescent . Babylonians, Hitties and Kassities, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians were early people of the Fertile Crescent
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The first farm settlements developed in Mesopotamia.
Location: Mesopotamia -
In 7000 BC farmers began growing rice in Chang Jiang Valley.
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Zhou, Qin,Han,and Shang Dynasty.
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Settlements gradually grew to cities in Mesopotamia.
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The sumerians made the first writing system in the world.
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A city-state called kish became powerful
Location: kish -
The villages became two kingdoms: lower Egypt and upper Egypt.
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Menes united upper and lower Egypt, making the first dynasty
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Khufu was the most famous pharaoh in this period. The social consisted of a pharaoh, nobles, scribes & craftspeople, and farmers, servants & slaves.
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Khufu was pharaoh in the old kingdom and is most known for monuments built for him.
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Sargon and his army attracted nearby kingdoms. His soilders defeated all the city states in Sumer. Location: Euphrates river
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The Xia Dynasty began at about 2200 BC and was started by Yu the Great.
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This period was a time of order and stability ruled bo Mentuhotep.
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The Minoans had began an society in a Greek island called Crete.
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In Ancient Greece , there were different types of government systems and many great achievements during the classical age.
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Location: Babylon. Hammurabi made a set of 282 laws called hammurabi's code. Circa 1792 B.C. Modern day connection: laws in Malaysia
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Egypt reached height of power of glory during this period. They were ruled by Ahmose.
Location : Egypt -
Aryan migrated to India from an area near the Caspian Sea.
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The Shang Dynasty was the first Dynasty and was the most strong in the Huang He Valley.
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Ruled from 1472-1458 BC. Queen Hatshepsut increased trade in Egypt.
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By this time, the Minoan society which had been developed began to lose power, allowing the Mycenaeans to take over the island of Crete.
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Invaders named the Sea Peoples came into southwest Asia and destroyed cities with powerful warriors.
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The Zhou Dynasty, pronounced as JOH was ruled by several powerful leaders of people and this dynasty was the longest lasting of all the dynasties
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Maya people settled in some lowlands, called Guatemala in modern times.They farmed and had plenty of crops including maize (which is a-maize-ing). In early times they stayed in tiny villages islolated from others.
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The Assyrians conquered all of the Fertile Crescent and also sections of Egypt and Asia Minor. Circa 900 BC
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In Ancient Rome, there were kings, dictators, and republics. There were many challenges in war and government.
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Romulus and his brother, Remus were taken care of by a wolf when they were babies, then a shepherd. As they got older, they both wanted to build a city, but Romulus killed Remus and named it after himself.
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When Piankhi died, he already completed his goal ; extending the kingdom north from Napata to Nile Delta.
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After a failed attempt of a few rebels overthrowing the aristocrats, a man named Draco made his own set of laws, but the laws were strict, harsh, and not flexible. An example would be if you loitered you could be killed as a punishment.
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In about 590 BC, a guy named Solon made a set of laws which was less harsh then Draco's laws. With those laws, the free men staying in Athens became citizens and could participate in political issues and the government.
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In chapter 14, there is information about China and it’s history. China is reunified, and the tang and Song Dynasty starts with many achievements. Confucianism also influenced the Song Dynasty.
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Cyrus the Great was a good emperor and well respected because to the people he conquered, he let them keep their own religion and traditions.
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siddhartha guatama was a rich price with many luxuries.
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Confucius is born and later became a very influential teacher in the history of China.
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Buddhism starts growing in India.
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Circa 500 BC: A man named Socrates
, who was a great thinker who challenged answers with questions. Some people became irrttated or scared because they thought he was questioning the gods. He was put to death with poison which he drank calmly. -
In West Africa , the Niger River was a good source of food and water for people.A Sahel has barely any rainfall and divides the desert from the wet areas.
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In Chapter 13, there is information about civilizations in Africa. We also learn about geography, Empire of Ghana, and traditions.
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When the Persian war ended in 480 BC, an alliance was formed between many city- states and they would like to get revenge on the Persians for their attack on Greece.
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Cincinnatus was a well known dictator in the early Roman republic, but he resigned his position quickly to become a farmer.
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The law of the twelve tables were laws for the people to obey, and this was a written copy because they couldn’t remember and were disatisfied.
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When the peloponnesian war ended in 404 BC, the Athenians gave up and surrendered. after that, Sparta was in control.
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Aseop was a man that was most well known for the fables that he wrote starring many talking animals and a moral.
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At about 400 BC, the plebeians (common people) were not pleased with the government, so the patricians (nobles) had to let some plebeians to hold some offices and protect their rights and also their interests.
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Phillip II was the ruler of Macedonia and was targeting at Greece.
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In chapter 9, there are Greek Achievements and famous people, but also conquering of many areas.
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Alexander the Great and his army attacked Persia and started building his own empire.
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A military leader named Candragupta Maurya took control of the entire nothern part of India
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Hannibal was a famous general and he absolutely hated Rome. The second Punic war was started by him by attacking Spain.
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In 221 BC, A king named Ying Zheng sucesfully completed his task of unifying china, then named himself Shi Huangdi which means
" first emperor" -
After the fall of the Quin dynasty, a new dynasty started by a man called Liu Bang, which was also the first "common man" to become emperor.
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In about 200s, a man named Diocletian became emperor. He thought that the Roman Empire was too large for one person to rule it, so he split Rome into two and got a co- emperor.
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Archimedes was a Greek scientist that also invented water screws for the crops in the fields.
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She was the first woman to rule kush. Her rule ended in 150 BC.
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In 140 BC, An emperor named Wu Di claimed the throne to change the government, making it stronger.
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In 63 BC, the romans took control of Judea and the Jews thought that the messiah will come soon.
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In chapter 11, It talks about the Roman Empire and government. It was first a republic, but later became a Empire. It was also about the accomplishments and the religion of the Empire. At the end, there was the fall of the Empire.
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Octavian tricked the senate telling them that he would give up his power and give it to the senate, but he actually kept all the power so the senate called him Augustus meaning “revered one”
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In AD 200, there were already Buddhist Altars inside of the emperor's palace.
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In chapter 16, we learn about three civilizations: Mayas, Aztecs, and the Incas. The Aztecs and Incas were conquered by the Spanish, but the decline of the Mayas is not known. They all had great achievements.
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Constantine was an emperor in about 300 AD. He decided to follow Christianity , and a emperor after him made that the official religion of Rome,
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In about the 500s, there were different clans. One clan stayed in Yamato and they believed that they were descendants of the Kami, which is the goddess of the sun.
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The middle ages in Europe started at about 500 and then ended at about 1500. It is a time between modern ages and ancient times. Christianity was not popular at first but it spread further with the help of missionaries too.
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Europe has a lot of mountains especially in the south. Eurasia is a huge mass of land that has Europe and Asia in it. People living in southern Europe lived nearer to the sea and mostly became sailors or traders. People in Northern Europe lived farther from the sea and near to rivers.
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In Chapter 17, there is information about Europe's geography, the fall of rome, feudalism & manors, and also the similarities and differences with Japan's Feudal system.
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In chapter 12, we learned many things about Islamic beliefs and practices but also what th muslims achievements and empires.
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In chapter 15, we learn about the geography in Japan and their relations with China and Korea. There is also information about art, literature, fashion, and japanese culture. The military society also grows and the head was the shogun.
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Muhammad was a man born into a successful family and had a business of his own. His teachings were spread throughout Arabia.
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The period of disunion ended by a dude named Yang Jian that is also a ruler. He unified China and created the Sui dynasty.
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The five pillars of Islam are five things that all Muslims have to do. They are the statement of faith, daily prayer, donation to charity, fasting, and a pilgrimage.
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In 749, the Abbasids came to power. They changed the government making it more easy to rule such a big piece of land.
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Trade impacted Ghana greatly, by through silent bartering of gold and salt because of the increased trade Ghana was able to make money from taxes and expand It’s borders.
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Some people were unhappy with the churches so they started a monastery in cluny. The monks had a strict time schedule they had to follow.
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Neo or new Confucianism was similar to the older philosophy, but the added topics about spiritual stuff. The old philosophy only had proper behavior.
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A griots were storytellers that told stories about history.There was no written language.
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They pillow book was written by a lady that served the empress. She wrote about what her life is like and when she meets the empress.
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In the 1000s feudalism expanded to Italy, Spain, Germany, Northern Europe, and also Britain. Feudalism is a system that holds up the relations between lords and vassals.
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Earlier nobles and knights had more power, but as time went on popes and kings got of all the power. People thought the pope represented God on earth and also the pope was leading the church which gave them more power. The popes were also able to cast someone out of the church (excommunicate) and they believed you wouldn’t get to heaven if you were cast out. Kings also had power because they were in control of their country.
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In ch 18, there is info about popes and kings and the power they had, the crusades, Christian society, change in politics, and when people didn’t respect the Christian church’s authority.
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Crusades were long wars between Christians and Muslims. They were fighting for the holy land (Palestine). The first crusade was in 1096 and they attacked Jews in Germany because they thought the Jews were responsible for Jesus’s death. After about a month the crusade took Jerusalem when the Muslims were unprepared.
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Some Christians started to think that the clergy was only greedy for money. They had their own ideas about th religion and there was heresy. They were heretics, which meant they opposed the ideas of the church teachings. The church started to torture heretics and some were killed.
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The minamoro leader was meant to rule instead of the emperor. The shoguns ruled Japan for about 700 years and the emperor was called the figurehead.
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The Magna was signed in 1215. It was written by nobles for the king to sign. The document would force the king to obey the rules like everybody else. One right was called habeas corpus and it meant that you can’t put people in jail for no reason.
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Kublai khan was the grandson of genghis khan. He ruled over the mongol Empire and made himself emperor of China.
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The Chinese farmers had become experts and had new inventions and discoveries. They found a type of rice that ripened fast and had the dragon backbone pump to help with irrigation.
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In chapter 19, there is information about the Renaissance, or rebirth, and how it spread out of Italy. Also it talks about the Catholic Church and the reformation which lead to new churches.
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Florence in the 1300s was wealthy and had lots of trade. Trading of wool began their wealth but it was banking that caused expanding wealth. The Medici family was one of the greatest bankers in Florence.
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Mansa was the most famous mali leader and also super rich and caused inflation wherever he went. He also took a pilgrimage to Mecca and built schools and believed education. His son ruined his Empire and it fell.
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Ibh Battutah traveled many places and like India, China, and Spain. Geographers created more accurate maps to help with the understanding of calculating distances.
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In chapter 20, it talks about the scientific revolution and how Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, and other scientists changed out way of thinking and understanding. Also, there were many great voyages which let people discover new lands and bring knowledge, wealth and influence. Two new systems of trading also developed - mercantilism and capitalism and it impacted the economy.
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Mehmed the second rules over the Ottoman Empire starting at 1432 to 1481. He made Istanbul better in many ways.
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In 1492, Christopher Columbus went on a voyage and sailed to America. It was funded by monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella. When he go there, he thought he had arrived in Asia but it was North America instead.
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Vasco Da Gama sailed through Africa and then landed on the west coast. In 1489, they had found a route to Asia thought the sea.
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William Shakespeare was very famous for the plays that he wrote during his lifetime like Romeo and Juliet. He also created lots of common phrases and words.
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A system where the economy is controlled by the government is called mercantilism. It also had control over colonies. The effect it had was that the government grew and was more powerful. This lasted from 1500 to 1800.
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Martin Luther was a priest in the church and he started Protestantism. He had complaints about the Catholic Church and the mistakes they made. He made it into a list ( ninety five theses) and nailed it to the church door even though he got excommunicated later.
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The Aztecs were a strong Empire but came to a sudden end by Cortés. It was the Spanish lead by Hernán Corrés that arrived in America and wanted gold, land, and to make native people to Catholics.With help from some Indians, they conquered the Aztecs with good weapons, horses, and spreading diseases.
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In 1520 a civil wars started in the empire s the Incas. It began after th Inca ruler passed away. Atahuapula and Huascar both wanted the throne and atahuapula won. Soilders from Spain lead by pizzaro came to capture atahuapula and kill their soilders. They later killed atahuapula and the took over the Empire.
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The scientific revolution were several events that started modern science. It was from 1540 - 1700.
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Feudal systems in Japan and Europe were similar but had some differences. A few examples are that they had feudal government, royals, nobles, warriors, and codes the warriors has to follow. The differences were that europe's religion was Christianity and they their art featured religion. On the other hand, Japan had Buddhism, Shinto, and Confucianism. Their art and literature featured nature themes.
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Sir issac Newton was one of the greatest scientists of all time. His theories about gravity and motion proved the law of gravity but also the laws of motion. These laws made a foundation for many other studies related to science.
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In chapter 21, it talks about the enlightenment and revolution. In section 1, it shows the ideas during the enlightenment and how religion, Renaissance, reformation, and other things influenced it. In section 2, it talks about the views on the government and philosophers that influenced it like John Locke. In section 3, it has info about the age of revolution and democratic documents. Also about a new government and the French Revolution.
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John Locke was a english philosopher and he affected the thoughts about politics during the enlightenment. He is famous for the contract he wrote called “two treatises on government” which is about contract with the ruler and the people. He also declared “natural rights” which are the rights to life, liberty, and property. He thinks that everyone was born with equal rights.
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Voltaire was a French philosopher (real name is Francois Marie arouet) he believed that humans can improve themselves instead of trusting in God. He also mocked the government and religion with his writings.
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The Declaration of Independence is a document written by Thomas Jefferson. It was about independence for the colonies because the British were ruling them. It was also about natural rights and that’s the government has to protect it.
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Ancient Greece was the place that democracy started. Today, many countries use democracy to make the people’s voice heard.
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In Ancient Greece and even now, Euclid is thought by most as one of th best mathematicians in the world.
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The ancient romans uses a republic to govern them and to keep people from gaining too much power. Today, many countries also use republics to govern themselves.
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In the first century (AD) there was a new religion in Judea. It was Christianity and it is based on what Jesus of Nazareth taught and his life. Today, this religion is followed by many people, but it is less strict.
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During the Han dynasty, silk was produced as a expensive, valuable fabric and the manufacturing was a secret. Today, silk is still popular and used in many different cultures but the process is revealed.
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Many years ago in China, paper money was invented in the Ming dynasty in AD 900. Paper money is used today in most countries and is common.
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In japan during the Heian period performing arts flourished. They had musicians, acrobats and juggling. Later, they also had a type of drama named Noh. These performing arts are still used to entertain people today.
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Many years ago the Mayans started farming crops like maize, bean.
, squash, avocados and others. Today, all these crops are eaten by many people all over the world. -
In the 1600s Haikus were created in Japan by poets meant to show nature scenes. Today, it has spread out of Japan into other places where they also write haikus.
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The parliament was started a bit after the Magna Carta was signed by the parliament is a body of people the make laws. The parliament still existed today and governs England.
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During the Renaissance, Da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, and etc. one of his most famous paintings was called the Mona Lisa and it is very famous today.
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Banking started a long time ago with the English and Dutch. Banking had a positive effect in businesses such as being able to change currencies while trading internationally. People were also able to start up their business successfully with loans from the bank. Today, banking still helpful for people to borrow money or storing it.
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Many years ago, the Declaration of Independence was written and it gave the colonists independence and freedom. Today, that document shows the birth of a nation and that the citizens are still free.
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A while ago, Muslims studied many things like medicine, geography and many more.this helped us understand and learn more today in schools and colleges.
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Blues music that is played today that we might listen to originated from griots. They still sang the songs and played traditional instruments after being taken to America to be slaves.