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Period: to
1960s
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Domino Theory
Dwight D. Eisenhower said that if Vietnam fell to communism, other Southeast Asain countries would quickly follow. The belief that communism would spread to neighboring countries was called the domino theory.
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Brown v. Board of Education
A group of cases that related to school segregation and were argued about for two years. The final decision of the Court was that separate schools for African Americans and whites violated the Constitution's guarantee of equal protection of the law.
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Geneva Conference
After the French surrender, representatives from France, Vietnam, Cambodia, Great Britain, Laos, China, the Soviet Union, and the United States gathered at a conference in Geneva, Switzerland. The goal was to work out a peace agreement and arrange Indochina's future.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott began when Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat on the bus. The NAACP called for a one-day boycott of the city bus system. To lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott, people formed the Montgomery Improvement Association, with Martin Luther King Jr. as the leader.
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Little Rock Crisis
At Little Rock Central High School, nine African Americans tried to attend school.The Governor, Orval Faubus, ordered the Arkansas National Guard to keep them out. With the help of U.S. soldiers fixed with bayonets, the Little Rock Nine entered the school.
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SNCC
Once sit-ins began taking place more frequently, sit-in leaders formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. This was formed to conduct other nonviolent protests.
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The Election of 1960
JFK and Richard Nixon went up against each other for the presidency. The debates played a crucial role in determining who would win. JFK won by a 303-219 margin.
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Kennedy's New Frontier
The New Frontier was the nickname given to Kennedy's plans for changing the nation. Many Americans weren't fans of it, and weren't in the mood for reform.
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The Bay of Pigs Invasion
This was an invasion of Cuba that happened due to Castro's communism being a threat to Latin America. The invasion was a disaster and it strengthened Castro's ties with the Soviet Union.
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Freedom Riders
Members of CORE decided to draw attention to the civil rights situation by sending a group of freedom riders on a bus trip through the South. At each stop the African American riders would go into the whites-only waiting rooms and try to use the facilities such as restrooms and lunch counters.
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The Warren Court
Under the leadership of Chief Justice Earl Warren, controversial Court rulings greatly extended individual rights and freedoms. In the early 1060s it issued a series of decisions concerning other reforms.
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Counterculture
The counterculture of the 1960s was a rebellion of teens and young adults against mainstream American society. These young Americans, called hippies, believed that society's values were hollow and its priorities were misplaced.
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24th Amendment
The amendment banned states from taxing citizens to vote. Many southern states required these poll taxes as a way to keep African Americans from voting.
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The Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba. President Kennedy and his administration worked hard to avoid a war and eventually reached an agreement.
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The Kennedy Assassination
On November 22, 1963 President Kennedy rode in an open car of a motorcade through the city of Dallas to the site where he was to deliver a speech. Shots rang out from the sixth floor of a schoolbook depository building as the motorcade passed by. Kennedy was fatally wounded, and his death was very tragic.
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Johnson Becomes President
Within hours of JFK's assassination, Vice President Johnson, who was with the Kennedys on the trip, was sworn in as president aboard Air Force One.
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Feminism
The core belief of the women's liberation movement was feminism, the conviction that women and men should be socially, politically, and economically equal.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination in employment and in public accommodations. Johnson signed it into law on July 2, 1964.
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War on Poverty
The War on Poverty was a set of programs introduced by President Johnson to fight poverty. Congress granted his request to pass the Economic Opportunity Act in August 1964.
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Tonkin Gulf Resolution
The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was a congressional resolution that authorized military action in Southeast Asia. It gave President Johnson to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States." Johnson and his advisors had authority to expand the war.
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Operation Rolling Thunder
President Johnson ordered this, a bombing campaign over North Vietnam. He wanted to weaken the enemy's ability and will to fight and to assure South Vietnam of his commitment to its independence.
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The Selma March
On March 7, 1965, about 600 African Americans began the 54-mile march. State police blocked their way with weapons, which they used on the marchers. It violence was all shown on TV.
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Pacification
To improve rural security, U.S. forces instituted a program of pacification. Its goal was to "win the hearts and minds" of the South Vietnamese people- to pacify, or calm, opposition- especially in the countryside.
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Struggle for Social Justice
As other groups began campaigning for their rights, Latinos also saught social justice, or the fair distribution of advantages and disadvantages in society. People set up strikes and protests for this, and made some progress in the late 1960s.
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
It was passed by large majorities, and proved to be one of the most important pieces of civil rights legislation ever passed. It gave the federal government powerful tools with which to break down longstanding barriers to African American voting rights.
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Affirmative Action Programs
They were programs that gave preference to minorities and women in hiring and admissions. They were designed to help make up for past discrimination against these groups.
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National Organization for Women (NOW)
A group of feminists formed NOW, which was a women's rights organization that fought gender discrimination in the workplace, schools, and justice system. It also worked to end violence against women and to achieve abortion rights.
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Black Power Movement
It was an African American social movement in the late 1960s that advocated unity and self-reliance to address injustice.
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Black Panther Party
A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as racial or violent. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded it in Oakland, California.
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Chicanos
In the late 1960s some Mexican Americans began to embrace a form of cultural nationalism similar to the Black Power movement. They called themselves Chicanos, which conveyed their ethnic pride and commitment to political activism.
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Summer of Love
It was the height of the hippie movement during the Summer of 1967 in San Francisco. Hippies professed peace, love, and harmony.
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Pop Art
A new style of art emerged called pop art. Aiming to appeal to popular tastes, artists took inspiration from elements of the popular culture, including advertising, comic books, and movies. Andy Warhol led the movement, painting common, massive produced objects.
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Pueblo Incident
It was the North Korean capture of the Pueblo, a Navy spy ship, off the coast of Communist North Korea. Johnson ordered some 14,000 national guard, air force, and navy reserves to help out. It was resolved in December.
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Democratic Challengers
Minnesota senator Eugene McCarthy finished a strong second to Johnson in the New Hampshire primary in March. Soon afterward, New York senator Robert Kennedy joined the race. Johnson made a shocking speech on national television saying he wouldn't seek another term.
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Martin Luther King Jr.'s Assassination
On April 3, 1968, James Earl Ray, a white sniper with a high-powered rifle, shot and killed King as he stood on the balcony of his motel in Memphis. People were enraged and there was a very violent reaction to his death.
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Civil Rights Act of 1968
Also called the Fair Housing Act, the law banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. President Johnson signed it just a week after King's death.
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Tet Offensive
The Vietcong assault on the U.S. Embassy marked the start of the Tet Offensive, a series of massive coordinated attacks throughout South Vietnam. It caused 1968 to become a crucial year in the Vietnam War.
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Poor People's Campaign
It was an expansion of the Civil Rights Movement that tried to raise awareness about poverty among people of all races. It turned out to be a disaster without King's leadership and failed to express clearly the protersters' needs and demands.
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The Democratic Party Fight
Kennedy won primaries in Indiana, Nebraska, and California. As he finished his victory speech in a Los Angeles hotel and walked off the stage, a gunman named Sirhan Sirhan shot him three times. He died less than 24 hours later.
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The Media's Impact
In Vietnam, reporters and TV crews accompanied soldiers out on patrol and interviewed people throughtout South Vietnam. TV coverage brought violent scenes to Americans, causing them to dislike the war and question the government.
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Vietnamization
It was a plan to end the Vietnam war that involved turning over the fighting to the South Vietnamese while U.S. troops gradually pulled out.
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Campus Violence
Antiwar demonstrators at Kent State University set fire to the campus Reserve Officers' Training Corps building. Students gathered in a grassy area on campus for an antiwar rally. When troops ordered the students to stop, they threw rocks and shouted, which caused soldiers to shoot at them.
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La Raza Unida Party
Gutierrez formed this party, which campaigned for bilingual education, improved public services, education for children of migrant workers, and an end to job discrimination. In the late 1970s, disagreements between the leaders caused the party to fall apart.
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Pentagon Papers
They revealed that government officials had been misleading the American people about the war for years. The leak angered and embarrassed President Nixon.
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Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
This proposed amendment to the Constitution promised equal treatment for men and women in all spheres, not just employment. It had to be ratified by at least 38 states, which it failed to do, so it didn't become a law.
Picture: http://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/online/images/CVC/cropped/127.00.00-1.jpg
