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Act to Promote Rural Electrification
Cause: · Duplessis was voted in by farmers, so he had to keep his promises to them Effect: · Duplessis government brought electricity down to farms + rural areas and developed them using cooperatives Impact: · Farmers are happy and vote for him again
·Electricity is now in rural areas = more efficient and effective farming (modernized methods of agriculture) (Class Slides, p. 9) -
Period: to
Baby Boom
After WW2, soldiers came back home and had children with their spouses which resulted in a massive natural increase for the population. During this timespan, Maurice Duplessis was Premier of Quebec and William Lyon Mackenzie King + Louis St. Laurent + John Diefenbaker were prime ministers of Canada. This led to the expansion of Quebec's urban territory as families grew. (Class Slides, p. 17 + 26)
(Reflections, p. 218)
(TimeToast Assignment Doc, p. 4) -
Period: to
The Cold War
During this timespan, Duplessis, Sauvé, Lesage, Johnson Sr., Bertrand, Bourassa, Lévesque, and Johnson were premiers of Quebec. The Prime Ministers of Canada during this time period were Mackenzie King, Laurent, Diefenbaker, Pearson, Trudeau, Clark, Turner, and Mulroney. During the Cold War, Canada was allies with the USA against the USSR due to their opposite political ideologies. Canada supported USA with arms, and USA invested into Canada's natural resources (👍 4 econ.) (Class Slides, p. 3) -
Refus Global Manifesto Published
Cause: · Artists and intellectuals wanted secularism, however the Duplessis government had close ties with the church (clericalism) Effect: · 15 artists signed the Refus Global Manifesto to limit the church's power over society Impact: · Church was unhappy the idea of secularism began to rise
· A sense of cultural liberation was born, especially in the arts (Class Slides, p. 14 + 25) -
Adoption of the Fleurdelisé (Québec’s Flag)
Cause: · Duplessis was committed to defending provincial autonomy (wanted to keep fed. gov. out of Quebec jurisdictions) Effect: · Created Quebec's own provincial flag Impact: · Starts creating a more distinct "Quebecois" culture, leading to more premiers advocating for provincial autonomy (Class Slides, p. 10) -
Asbestos Strike
Cause: · Miners needed safer working conditions and more pay
· Duplessis thought unions were communist/socialist and supported employers Effect: · An extreme strike broke out, and police suppressed it violently Impact: · Labourers treated unfairly = Duplessis being disliked more (Class Slides, p. 14 + 16) -
Period: to
Korean War – Canada Joins UN Forces
After WW2, Korea was separated into North (communist) and South (capitalist) Korea. This led to a civil war breaking out, with USA commanding a UN armed force supporting South Korea, with China and Russia supporting North Korea. In the end, Canada joins USA and allies (UN). During this timespan, Duplessis was the Premier of Quebec, and St. Laurent was the Prime Minister of Canada. (Class Slides, p. 3)
(TimeToast Assignment Doc, p. 4) -
Arrival of Television in Québec
Cause: · Quebec had a very strong post-war economy which meant that ppl had higher wages Effect: · ppl had higher wages = more purchasing power = start of a consumer society = more ppl buying + watching TV Impact: · Continues to build a consumer society and eventually leads to the rise of Americanism and therefore to a change in lifestyle (Class Slides, p. 17) -
Québec Introduces Provincial Income Tax (Fiscal Autonomy)
Cause: · Duplessis advocated for provincial autonomy and heavily criticized the equalization system
· Duplessis refused to give up powers to be included in federal subsidy programs Effect: · A provincial tax was implemented to support the provincial economy Impact: · Quebec saw more provincial autonomy (decrease in federal involvement) as well as a shift in society (Class Slides, p. 10) -
Contraception Becomes More Accessible
Cause: · Women wanted to work and were having jobs which led to less time to care for a family
· Society was moving away from traditional values Effect: · Contraceptives became much more accessible and women took them Impact: · Birth rates dropped significantly
· Women felt more in control of their bodies which positively influenced the feminist movement (Class Slides, p. 42 + 44) -
Rise of Americanism (Influence from the USA in Media & Culture)
Cause: · Quebec had a very strong post-war economy which allowed for people to have more purchasing power
· People purchased TVs and radios Effect: · Exposure to American society, culture, and values (Americanism) rises in Quebec through watching TV and other forms of art Impact: · Shift in society as values and culture changes and shifts towards a more American one (Class Slides, p. 17 + 25 + 26) -
Creation of the Department of Cultural Affairs
Cause: · Quebec wants to protect their language, culture, values, and society
· The provincial government wants to promote Quebecois identity and culture Effect: · Department of Cultural Affairs is created Impact: · Leads to strong cultural affirmation
· Quebecois society + mentality strengthens (Class Slides, p. 34) -
Establishment of CEGEPs and Université du Québec Network
Cause: · Union national modernized their ideologies and worked towards better education Effect: · Created new education with the creation of post-secondary CEGEPs and the creation of Universite du Quebec network Impact: · Education system improves = ppl become more educated (Class Slides, p. 36) -
Creation of the Ministry of Education (Parent Report Recommendations)
Cause: · Clericalism left the education system in the hands of the church
· The education system was bad and understaffed, so the government took over Effect: · Ministry of Education is created to promote high quality education regardless of wealth
· Mandatory attendance until age 15
· Co-ed implemented to support girls education Impact: · Led to a shift in the ties between the gov. and church (secularism) (Class Slides, p. 28) -
Bill 16 – Married Women Gain Legal Independence (Led by Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain)
Cause: · Demands were made by the feminist movement and led by Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain for gender equality
· Women did not want to be their husbands property Effect: · Bill 16 is passed
- allows women to do financial transactions + sign/approve legal documents without the approval of their husband Impact: · Huge modernization for Quebec (Women's rights improve, feminist movements are happy) (Class Slides. p. 43 + 44) -
Expo 67 – Showcasing Québec’s Identity to the World
Cause: · Quebec wanted to create a stronger identity for itself (wanted to be part of Expo 67) Effect: · Place des Arts shows off Quebec art and culture
· Montreal Metro is built and opened
· Technological advances (ex. Metro) are displayed Impact: · Puts Quebec on the global stage
· Continues to build an identity for Quebec which strengthens Quebec nationalism (Class Slides, p. 37) -
Introduction of Québec’s Medicare System (Health Insurance Act)
Cause: · Healthcare services needed to be strengthened and expanded Effect: · Thanks to the implementation of the Medicare system, Quebecers gain access to free general healthcare Impact: · Health improves for the general public
· CLSCs are created from inspiration of the Medicare system (Class Slides, p. 50 + 54) -
October Crisis – FLQ Kidnappings & War Measures Act
Cause: · FLQ becomes more persistent in separation
· They target Anglophone power (MTL Stock exchange + Westmount homes) Effect: · James Cross and Pierre Laporte are kidnapped and held hostage
· Pierre Laporte is killed
· War Measures Act invoked Impact: · Tensions rose between francophones and anglophones
· War Measures Act is created
· FLQ support declines
· Parti Quebecois rises (Class Slides, p. 46) -
Period: to
Arrival of Refugees from Vietnam, Laos, & Haiti
During this timespan, Bertrand, Bourassa, and Lévesque were the Premiers of Quebec, and Trudeau and Clark were the Prime Ministers of Canada. Quebec wanted to strengthen it's culture and language and began accepting many Haitian and Vietnamese immigrants. This is possible because the Trudeau gov. multiculturalism policy allows easier immigration. This broadens Canada's culture and strengthens the french language in Quebec. (TimeToast Assignment Doc, p. 4) -
James Bay Hydroelectric Project Announced
Cause: · Bourassa saw the potential in economic and technological growth with the implementation of hydroelectricity Effect: · Project was launched without consulting the Indigenous about their territory Impact: · Project is paused as Indigenous are upset and the issue is taken to court which leads to the signing of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1975 (Class Slides, p. 47)
(Streeter, The 70s Decade - 3. Indigenous issues, p. 6) -
Period: to
The Oil Crises & Economic Downturn
During this time period, Bourassa and Lévesque were the Premiers of Quebec and Trudeau and Clark were the Prime Ministers of Canada. In 1973, a war breaks out between Israel and Arab countries, and OPEC raises the prices of oil for non-Arab countries supporting Israel. This negatively impacts Western economy as transportation prices increase, and therefore all goods become more expensive. This leads to Quebec being in an unstable economic period of inflation. (Class Slides, p. 51. -
Superfrancofête – Cultural Affirmation in Québec
Cause: · Bourassa wants to strengthen Quebecs future, nationalism, and sovereignty
· Does this through the trait "Quebecitude" Effect: · Many celebrations take place to celebrate and strengthen Quebec culture and nationalism, such as Superfrancofete Impact: · Quebec nationalism strengthens through these celebrations of culture (Class Slides, p. 53) -
Adoption of Québec’s Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
Cause: · Henri Bourassa wanted to enforce social justice and abolish discrimination Effect: · Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms is published Impact: · Modernizes Quebec's rights + society (Class Slides, p. 47) -
James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA)
Cause: · When the James Bay Hydroelectric Project (JBHP) was launched, the Indigenous peoples on the territory the project was one were not consulted and were therefore upset about the impacts Effect: · Project was stalled
· Inuit and Cree sign agreement with the Quebec gov. regarding the protection of their land as well as hunting + fishing rights Impact: · Indigenous peoples gain rights + monetary compensation
· The project continues (Class Slides, p. 47)
(Streeter, Indigenous issues, p. 6) -
Bill 101 – The Charter of the French Language
Cause: · Quebecers wanted more protection and promotion for their language than was being secured by Bill 22 Effect: · Bill 101 is implemented and...
- serves to promote and protect the French language
- Requires the children of immigrants to attend french schools through the end of high school
- imposes french only comm. + pub. signs Impact: · 90k Anglophones leave to Ontario
- French language is protected = more sense of Provincial autonomy (Class Slides, p. 56)