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Revolt in the German States
The Congress of Vienna, which lasted from 1814 to 1815, had recognized the existence of 38 independent German states (called the German Confederation).In 1848 cries for change led many German rulers to promise constitutions, a free press, jury trials, and other liberal reforms. "Nationalism and Political Revolutions." McGraw Hill Network, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. -
Another French Revolution
Revolution in France was again the spark for revolution in other countries. Severe economic problems beginning in 1846 brought untold hardship in France to the lower middle class, workers, and peasants. "Nationalism and Political Revolutions." McGraw Hill Network, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. -
Revolts in the Italian States
In 1848 a revolt broke out against the Austrians in Lombardy and Venetia. Revolutionaries in other Italian states also took up arms and sought to create liberal constitutions and a unified Italy. By 1849, however, the Austrians had reestablished complete control over Lombardy and Venetia. The old order also prevailed in the rest of Italy.
"Nationalism and Political Revolutions." McGraw Hill Network, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. -
Revolutions in Central Europe
The Austrian Empire also had its problems. Demonstrations erupted in the major cities. To calm the demonstrators, the Hapsburg court dismissed Metternich, the Austrian foreign minister, who fled to England.
"Nationalism and Political Revolutions." McGraw Hill Network, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. -
The Revolutions of 1848
in France and Belgium, the conservative order still dominated much of Europe as the midpoint of the nineteenth century approached. However, the forces of liberalism and nationalism continued to grow. These forces of change erupted once more in the revolutions of 1848.
"Nationalism and Political Revolutions." McGraw Hill Network, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. -
The Failures of 1848
nationalities everywhere had also revolted in pursuit of self government. However, little was achieved as divisions among nationalities proved disastrous. The Hungarians, for example, sought their freedom from the Austrians. At the same time, they refused the same to their minorities— the Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs. Instead of joining together to fight the old empire, minorities fought each other.
"Nationalism and Political Revolutions." McGraw Hill Network, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016.