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Period: 1800 BCE to
The Age of Jefferson
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1200 BCE
Olmecs
Olmec's were referred to as rubber people since they extracted latex from trees growing in their region
Resources like Cacao, rubber, and salt were valuable
Social pyramid starting with King-->Priest-->Warriors-->Farmers
first people to have writing as a form to communicate
Writing was called hieroglyphs that included pictures and syllables
created colossal heads depicting King
Created irrigation system to grow foods was first drainage system
created concept of zero and made the first calendar -
Jun 20, 1325
Tenochtitlan
In what is now present day Mexico, Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec empire. Tenochtitlan was meshed with various canals making it possible to get to the city either by foot or canoe. City was provided with fresh water through 2 big Aqueducts.In the center were all the public buildings, temples, and palaces. A temple by the name of temple Mayor was also present as it was dedicated to the Rain God Tlaloc. The city was destroyed in 1521 by the Spanish Conquistadors led by Hernan Cortes. -
Jan 1, 1347
The Black Death
The Black Death originated in Central Asia and spread throughout the Silk road by rats. The disease was caused by Yersinia pestis mainly where rodents were present. Most of the time present on the merchant ships which left the disease in the Mediterranean and through Europe. The Black Death completely changed the European society by killing 40 to 50 percent of it population. The plague was introduced multiple separate times in Europe due to the climate change along the trading routes. -
Period: Jan 1, 1400 to
Beginnings to Exploration
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Jan 1, 1451
The Portuguese Caravel
Europeans were limited to navigating the coast until the Caravel was developed in the 15th century. It was developed by the Portuguese who were anxious to explore the Atlantic ocean and West African Coast. The Caravel was very maneuverable due to its small size and could sail in shallow waters around the coast. The caravel was based off of the fishing boats under Henry the Navigator. The Caravels were used by the Portuguese and Castilians from Spain during their exploration voyages -
Jan 1, 1482
Leonardo DaVinci
Leonardo DaVinci was an Italian who had a wide range of knowledge during the Renaissance. At an early age DaVinci learned through the apprenticeship of a famous sculptor and painter Andrea del Verrocchio. DaVinci learned things like drawing, sculpting, mechanics, chemistry, and much more. When it came to sketching it went from planning inventions to drawing landscape and exploring human anatomy. He created the most famous painting "Mona Lisa". DaVinci was also seen as the father of Paleontology -
Jan 1, 1492
The Columbian Exchange
Named after Christopher Columbus
Widespread of many plants, animals, culture, and people
Horses, sugars, and diseases were introduced to the New World
Sugar being the best economic resource Americans hurried to build plantations in the New World
Caribbean islands became the spot for main sugar plantations causing an increase in demand for slaves
Expansion of trade and business
Many Native Americans died due too the diseases Europeans brought from Old World
Small Pox and Measles were brought -
Jan 1, 1517
Reformation
Started by Martin Luther's actions
Pope Leo X started selling indulgences to raise money to rebuild the church
Many Catholics wanted a change
People would pay to go to heaven
Luther was upset over indulgences and wrote the 95 theses
Luther criticized the church practices
Luther stated that the bible not the pope was the supreme authority
was an effort to reform the Roman Catholic church
Too much corruption in the church
Creation of Protestant churches was an outcome -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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The Headright System
Due to problems with the labor shortage the headright system was introduced.Two headrights, which is two tracts of 50 acres were granted to each colonist already in Virginia. For settlers coming to Virginia, they were granted 1 headright which was only 50 acres. Each headright was given per person concluding in families migrating together. Wealthy people could rack up acres as they paid the passage for poor people. This was important since it lead to the expansion of the 13 colonies. -
Indentured Servitude in Chesapeake Colonies
Indentured Servitude throughout the Chesapeake colonies began as the Virginia Company started sending them to Virginia. The servants would sign contracts promising that they would work with no pay for 5 to 6 years if the company gave them free passage across the ocean. After serving their time the servants would be given 100 acres of land. Due to high death rated after 9 years the servants made up of 40+ percent of the population. Is important since it helped the plantation workplace economy. -
The Plymouth Colony
Named specifically by the explorer John Smith. The colony was founded by a group who called themselves the Puritan Separatist and later became Pilgrims. By signing a treaty with the Wampanoag Chief the colony was set for progress with the help of Squanto. The colony later merged with the Massachusetts colony in 1691 to now form the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Plymouth colony gave refuge to people fleeing religious persecution and also is the reason why we celebrate Thanksgiving every year. -
The Quakers
Before being known as Quakers these people began in a movement called The Religious Society of Friends. Originally founded by George Fox, Quakers headed towards Pennsylvania as they escaped religious persecution. Founded by William Penn as a specific safe haven for Quakers. Quakers supported movements like abolition of slavery, promoting equal rights, & peace. Quakers are important to my timeline as they supported and pushed for the abolition of slavery & their friend schools have influence many -
The Navigation Acts
The Navigation Acts were acts intended to set a barrier in colonial trade with England. The parliament didn't want to depend on foreign imported goods & placed these acts as a solution. All trade had to be carried in colonial or English vessels. These acts were primarily aimed at the Dutch. They caused problems between colonist & merchants who traded which later resulted in goods being smuggled. This event is important since it led to american colonist getting angered leading to the revolution -
Nathaniel Bacon
Nathaniel Bacon led Virginia settlers in the Bacon Rebellion in 1676. The rebellion was towards the policies established by the Governor Berkeley. Bacon accused Berkeley of getting his friends into office, giving unfair taxes, & failing in the protection of farmers from Indian attackers. After being labeled a rebel Bacon led a small army & took them to Jamestown. This event is important to my timeline as it was the first rebellion where frontiersmen took place in the American colonies -
John Locke
John Locke was a philosopher who played a big role in the Enlightenment era. John Locke had a great influence on the development of liberalism. Locke was a sole believer of "life, liberty, and estate" which contributed to United States founding documents. The ideas Locke had also changed the development of political philosophy and Epistemology. Hes important since without John Locke our government wouldn't be the same as Jefferson wouldn't have written the Declaration of Independence the same. -
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem With Trials consisted of various accusations of witchcraft in Massachusetts. The persecution of the accused consisted of hangings, drownings, and jail time. The start up of this movement consisted of girls like Elizabeth Hubbard being accused. She started having fits as she screamed and threw things. People would falsely accused innocent people throughout the trials. This event is significant as it is seen as an example of what can happen without "innocent until proven guilty" -
The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade
The Triangular Trade was the name giving to the trade between 3 different ports. The transatlantic slave trade was one of the main trading systems. Slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods were traded. The trade was between American, Caribbean, and West Africa. European powers would trade also with them giving European goods in exchange for slaves. Slaves from ten to twelve million were traded across the Atlantic ocean. This event is important as it led to being the largest market industry. -
Period: to
Colonial America
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The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a reaction to enlightenment secularism. People were felt that religion wasn't where it should be. They were bored of it & needed motivation.The Great Awakening was various renewals of Christianity through Europe & the colonies. John Edwards was part of a joint between a theory of revival & salvation, he preached over the moral corruption of man. There was a rapid increase in evangelical religions. This event is important as it boosted American Religion through this time. -
George Whitefield
George Whitefield was one of the founders of the Great Awakening. As George traveled to North America his preachings were known as the Great Awakening as they consisted of revivals. George became an icon to many as he preached of salvation and Christianity. His passion and intensity gained many followers. Ordinary people were given a voice. George Whitefield's preaching sparked motivational spiritual drive in American colonist. -
The Seven Years of War / French-Indian War
The French and Indian war also known as the Seven Years War consisted of England, Spain, and France fighting for territory. At Fort Duquesne George Washington gets captured after ambushing the French in Jumonville, starting the first global war in history, the Seven Years War. Britain rolls out new policy to defeat the French. At Fort W. Henry natives surprise an attack leading to end of the war with the Treaty of Paris 1763. This event led to the american revolution as colonists tensions grew. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War
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Treaty of Paris 1763
The Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the first global war, the Seven Years War. After signing the treaty France gave up their territories in North America eliminating the military threat to British colonies settled there. Britain received all of Canada & a lot of the land east of the Mississippi in the United States. Spain received the New Orleans port and Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi. This event is important as it gave land to the winning side & its allies which effects present day US. -
Virtual Representation
Virtual representation is the idea that the British parliament speaks and represents for all the British colonist not just one area. Virtual Representation was the effect to the First Continental Congress within the American Colonies. Many people believed that Virtual Representation was an act towards taking away their civil rights. Representative chosen without opinion of the people. This event is important to my timeline as it triggered events towards the American Revolution. -
Stamp Act
The stamp act was a new tax that required every american colonist to pay a tax on all paper. Due to expenses for British military troops during the French and Indian War the tax was imposed. The stamp meant the tax was paid for Colonist saw this act as a violation of their rights causing tensions to grow. Lawyers & printers were effected the most. The famous slogan "No taxation without representation" was made from this event. The importance is showed as it pushed towards american independence. -
The Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre occurred as colonist harassed British soldiers by yelling, throwing rocks & snow etc. The harassment ended with 5 colonist being shot & killed. The event was exaggerated and publicized for everyone to see. Paul Revere and Samuel Adams being a big part as they also encouraged rebellion towards the authorities. Out of 8 soldiers arrested & charged with murder, only 2 were convicted of manslaughter. This event led to Britain & Americas relationship changing towards revolution. -
The Boston Tea Party
The colonist were angered over the taxation being forced upon them due to the French & Indian war expenses. The Tea Act angered colonist who felt it was against their individual rights. A group within the colonist who's purpose was to fight against British taxation, the Sons Of Liberty, dressed as Native Americans & dumped the entire tea shipment from the East India Company into the Boston Harbor. This event is significant as the British governments actions resulted in the American Revolution. -
Coercive Acts
After tensions grew from the Boston Tea Party, which involved tea being thrown overboard ships, the Parliament enacted the Coercive acts. The parliaments purpose of this act was to restore the order of the colonist. As a result the Boston port was closed and the Massachusetts colonial charter was revoked. Colonist now have to house & quarter troops as the British officials could not be criminally prosecuted. This event is extremely important as it helped boost the American Revolution later on. -
The Olive Branch Petition
The Olive Branch Petition was the last shot in avoiding a war between Britain & the 13 colonies. Colonist pledge their loyalty to Crown & also affirmed their rights as British citizens. It explained the reasoning on why the colonist rebelled towards the British government. It expressed how colonist felt they weren't appreciated with their support to the war & instead were given taxes as if they were punished. The importance comes from the rejection, it gave colonist a reason for their rebellion. -
The Deceleration Of Independence
Adopted by the Second Continental Congress the Deceleration of Independence stated that the thirteen colonies who were at war with Britain would now be seen as independent states & the states would no longer be under British rule. Thomas Jefferson drafted the deceleration and stated the grievances against the British Crown. This event is important to my timeline as it got the colonies one step closer towards the United States of America, our Constitution wouldn't have been the same without it. -
Articles of Confederation
The articles of confederation served as an agreement between the 13 colonies of the US which would now be served as their 1st constitution. The articles essential principle was stated to be on keeping the states both independent & sovereign. The AOC formed a weak national government & the government could not pay the debts of the War. Both large & small states were given equal power by the legislature. The AOC showed the delegates what they lacked & helped strengthen our current constitution. -
Treaty of Paris 1783
Ending the American Revolutionary War, the Treaty of Paris 1783 was signed by the United States & King George III. Setting boundaries in territories, the United States would gain all of the area east of the Mississippi River, south of Florida, & also north of Florida. The British now see the US as a free & independent states & the US allowed for British loyalist & merchants to try and recover their property. The significance comes from the end of the War & acknowledgement of US independence. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Shays Rebellion
Shays Rebellion was led by Daniel Shay a veteran who protested towards the injustices rural populations. The farmers had resentment towards the tax collectors and the seizing of their properties due to them not being able to reach the demands. Shay led rebels towards the federal arsenal where General Lincolns troops were waiting for him. Due to the AOC the rebellion showed how weak the government was and led to a change in the Constitution. This rebellion led to Washington return into politics. -
Constitutional Convention
The Constitutional Convention was a sit down involving the writing of the new Constitution. The meeting was over how weak the central government was under the Articles of Confederation. In conclusion to the convention the United States established a federal government with specific powers like those involving foreign governments. The government depended on check and balances with the division of federal authority ( legislature, judicial, & executive ) The significance lies as we now use this. -
The Virginia Plan
Proposed by Virginia delegates to acquire a bicameral legislative branch the plan was drafted by James Madison it set the idea of population representation. The larger population states would have much more representatives than those much smaller. Opposition to this came from those smaller states which would then lead to the New Jersey plan which fairly settled the representation. The Virginia Plan also proposed a national government of 3 branches with executive chosen by the legislative branch -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance created a way of admitting new states from the territory northwest of river Ohio. There was a three stage method in admitting a new state.Slavery was prohibited, public education & civil liberties were provided. 3-5 new states would come from the territory, each territory would get an appointed council & governor. When population got to 5,000 the settlers could elect their own assembly. When the territory got 60,000 settlers they could move forward into becoming a state. -
The Connecticut Plan
Also known as the Great compromise the Connecticut plan was an agreement made during the Constitutional Convention between large and small states over representation and legislative structure. It kept the bicameral legislature with equivalent representation of the lower house states. The compromise required that the upper house be weighted equal among the states and each of the states would posses 2 representatives in the upper house. This event changed the government system we know of today. -
Anti Federalist Papers
The Anti-Federalist Papers were a set of works written to opposed to the United States Constitution of 1787. Written by the Founding Fathers they argued against a stronger union. Throughout the paper anti-federalist expressed how the constitution created threats towards the liberty & rights of the people. The significance of these papers comes from how they changed the way the Bill of Rights was written & factored into the strong centralized government for various Americans to this present day -
Period: to
New Republic
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The Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey rebellion was a protest over the tax put on Whiskey. Due to the Revolutionary War debt the tax was imposed to provide revenue. Being one of the biggest profit makers, farmers were outraged at the tax & expressed how they felt in violence. Under the New Constitution, unlike Shays rebellion the government had more power and took action into preventing another embarrassment. George Washington lead an army of 13,000 & put it out displaying the strength of the new national government. -
The First Bank of the United States
As the war left many states in debt there was a need for a unified currency and Alexander Hamilton suggested the Bank of the United States. The bank was granted a 20yr charter, although many people saw the bank as unconstitutional changing the views of many. The bank was used for commercial business & acts of the government. Due to much of the bank stock held by foreign interest the Bank was not renewed. The significance comes from how it influenced the second bank with more improvements -
The Bill of Rights
The BOR was made of the first 10 amendments written by James Madison over constitutional protection of individual liberty & rights. Many states felt the government lacked this & so in response the BOR was written. Extremely influenced by the Virginia Deceleration of Rights the Bill of Rights was seen differently by both federalist & anti-federalist. Federalist saw it as something that wasn't needed as those anti saw it as something necessary. To present day the BOR gives us our basic liberties. -
The Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin was an invention created by Eli Whitney whose purpose was to easily remove seeds from Cotton. Slaves could only do so much with their bare hands and this invention helped speed up the process. Due to an increase in time efficiency, this invention revolutionized the cotton industry which would stop the downfall of slavery. The Cotton Gin became a big profitable business and created made many fortunes to various states. This invention eventually lead to the making of many more -
Jay's Treaty
Jays treaty was an agreement between the United States & Great Britain to prevent a war and resolve issues. Made by Alexander Hamilton but negotiated by John Jay, the treaty stopped trade with the Natives, made the British vacate forts & favored trade with the British. The Republicans were outraged as they now saw federalist as pro British. The significance in this event comes as the problems that were still present after American independence between Britain and United states were now fixed. -
President Washington's Farewell Address
George Washington farewell address was a letter he wrote to the public at the conclusion of his presidency. The farewell address was printed everywhere an became popularized as many people appreciated what Washington did. After 20 years of service Washington called it a career. Washington expressed how the US should not have permanent alliances with other nations and should maintain commercial not political ties. With his 2
terms in the limit for terms in office was set for future presidents. -
The XYZ Affair
The XYZ affair was an incident between the US & the French. Jays Treaty caused problems by limiting the French trade and they proceeded by seizing US ships. 3 American envoys were sent to France to negotiate & met with 3 French diplomats named the XYZ. The French demanded 250,000 dollars for each envoy to just speak to them & a 10 million dollar loan from the US to France. Word got out creating an Undeclared Naval War, the Quasi War. The significance comes as the US created a Navy department. -
The Second Great Awakening
The second Great Awakening was a revival of religion in the United States throughout he 1800's. Baptist and Methodist congregations began to become more populated as the preachers led the movement. The Second Great Awakening emphasized Romanticism which had an appeal to emotion and the supernatural. Morality was taken over economics and politics and there was a rejection of secularism and deism. This event led to a spread in religion throughout the United States leading to a change in culture. -
Marbury vs Madison
Marbury v Madison was not only a supreme court case but the most important of all. The case set up Judicial review which is used to this present day. Madison refused to deliver nominations leading to Marbury filing a lawsuit in the Supreme Court to try and get Madison to deliver. The Chief of Justice John Marshall ruled Marbury entitled to the position and did not make him turn in the nominations. American courts could now have the power to negate laws they found violated the Constitution. -
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase consisted of the United States acquiring the Louisiana Territory from France. Spain ceded Louisiana back to France & Thomas Jefferson wanted a nation of farmers. Napoleon threatened to close New Orleans and Jefferson bought Louisiana for 15 million as he feared that Napoleon would back out. Jefferson was seen as a hypocrite to many as he went against his beliefs in Constitution. By buying Louisiana Jefferson doubled the size of our nation and secured the Mississippi River. -
Steamboats
John Fitch was granted the rights for a steamboat in 1791. After the death of John Fitch, Robert Fulton built his first steamboat and was later known as the Father of steam navigation. Steamboats were much more efficient & faster with the advantage of being able to travel upstream. The forms of transportation changed completely with this invention. River travel and trade was primary throughout waterways around expanding areas. With speeds up to 5mph the steamboat was a preferred transportation -
The Embargo Act
During the Napoleonic Wars the embargo act was enacted towards Great Britain & France by the United States. American men and their cargo were suffering in impressment and Thomas Jefferson came up with the Embargo act and when signed it Deprived Britain and France of American goods. The signing of the Act hurt the merchants tremendously as they could not complete any trades. Planters & farmers were affected as they could not sell their crops internationally. Americans were effected the most. -
Manifest Destiny
The Manifest Destiny, the belief that american settlers were to expand across North America in Gods will. Americans were in domination through the 1820's with fur trade leading to huge profits. Animals like beavers were almost hunted to extinction by not having time to reproduce. Expeditions bring information about western lands. Migrations of white settlers to Oregon for New opportunity in lumber & fertile took place. The Mormon Plight took place it required members to deed property to church. -
The War of 1812
The British restrictions on US trade caused the United States to face the biggest naval power in the world being Great Britain. Many people wanted to go to war with Great Britain as they didn't feel respected over the events that had taken place. Impressment, the distribution of guns to natives, and restriction of trade caused tensions within the citizens. America declared war on Britain and by beating Britain the United States proved it was worthy of being in power at an international level -
Fort McHenry
Fort McHenry successfully defended the Baltimore Harbor from the British Navy attack at Chesapeake Bay. During the war of 1812 an American flag was raised over Fort McHenry as the bombardment took place. In the morning a larger american flag was raised and it showed the Americans victory. Sitting in a cell, Francis Scott Key wrote the poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry" which later became known as the Star Spangled Banner and National Anthem of the US. To this day we still sing the national anthem. -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
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The Panic of 1819
Known as one of the worst depressions in American history the Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States. After the War of 1812 the economy went into rock bottom. The stoppage of trade, Inflation, foreign competition, and the Second bank of the US foreclosing on loans led to the Panic. With falling crop prices urban workers were angered they couldn't pay loans & sell crops. The significance comes as it was the first time the US dealt with such a big financial crisis. -
The Waltham System
The Waltham System was a labor production system created by Francis Lowell during the 19th century. The system was created under the idea that every manufacturing step would be done under one roof. Different factories in different places would no longer be necessary with his system. The work was performed not by kids or young men but by young adult women . The system completely changed how goods were manufactured. The time efficiency of creating manufactured goods decreased tremendously. -
Shakers
The Shakers were celibate people in an american religious sect who all believed in Christs second coming. Known for living a simple life, Shakers believed in equality among the sexes. They also did not believe in marriage or procreation. Some broke off from Quakers when their spirituality was thinning down. Between 1820-1860 the Shakers experienced their peak. Considered their "golden age" members increased rapidly to the west letting it be known of their furniture designs and craftsmanship -
Period: to
Cultural Changes
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The Missouri Compromise
Southern & Northern states wanted equality when it came to how many states each had. Missouri had applied as a slave states & Northerners were against their admission. Southern states wanted Missouri as it meant more $. With the compromise the slave & free states became balanced. An imaginary line 36 30 latitude was applied. Sates above it would be free & states below would be slaves. It was a temporary solution as it guaranteed a future conflict. This marked the beginning towards the Civil War. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a speech that declared to Europe they could not have any intervention in Latin America or the Western Hemisphere. The United States wanted influence over these areas as the Spanish empire was falling. In the doctrine the United States also states would also not interfere with existing European colonies. The speech made president James Monroe famous and was seen as a big step to the foreign policy of the United States and was also seen as a warning to other powers. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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The Corrupt Bargain
The Corrupt Bargain refereed to the deal struck between John Quincy Adams and the House of Representatives. in the Election of 1824 no one won the electoral vote thus leading to the House of Representatives choosing the outcome as stated in the 12th amendment. The speaker of the HOR, Henry Clay didn't like Jackson which lead to him giving support towards Adams which would then win him the election. After winning Clay became the Secretary of State making the election look even more corrupt. -
Election of 1824
The Election of 1824 consisted on 4 candidates. John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William Crawdford, and Henry Clay. Neither one of the candidates won a majority of the electoral votes but Andre Jackson won the popular vote. Not having a winner of majority in the electoral vote the House of representatives came in as listed in the 12th amendment and they chose John Adams. Jackson was angry and bitter as it was a deal struck that got Adams chosen. For only the 2nd time the HOR chose a winner -
Lowell Mills
Named after the creator of the Waltham System Francis Lowell, the Lowell mills operated in Lowell Massachusetts. Women were housed in dermatories or in the factory. The Lowell mills increases efficiency as there was a larger labor force. Women known as "mill girls", were usually single in relationship status and would earn more and they would learn how to trade and make friends. The conditions were rough as there were long hours. The mills were seen as providing benefits to workers in society. -
Election of 1828
The Election of 1828 consisted of a rematch between the two candidates being John Adams and Andrew Jackson. The election was the first modern election ever held. Jackson used a different way of gaining supporters by using his military career. He would go door to door and greet everyone to get supporters the old fashioned way. It was the nastiest election as both sides attacked each other in disrespectful ways. Andrew Jackson's wife got mentioned and both men attacked each other as womanizers. -
The Spoils System
The Spoils system was under Andrew Jackson & was when he got into office & replaced the bureaucracy with his own supporters. Friends, relatives, & supporters were given government jobs. When the act of firing & replacing everyone was questioned, Jackson displayed his action as a form of reconstruction aimed to creating a more efficient system. The changes meant all the chains of command would obey those who give orders. The system caused corruption & eventually the split of the republican party -
Yeoman Farmers
Yeoman farmers owned their own farm and mainly worked with family labor. About seventy five percent of Yeoman farmers did not own slaves as they farmed their own land. Some relied on planters but others held hatred towards them as planters were the ruling class of the South. The Yeoman farmers formed southern militias that would catch runaway slaves and would guard farmers if a slave rebellion took place. Throughout the Revolutionary era the Yeoman farmers were the most common white farmers. -
The Temperance Movement
The temperance movement was a movement started mainly by women who were against the consumption of alcohol drinking. Men would drink all day & the effects of the alcohol would lead to violence within the household. The movement emphasized how drinking was a sin & how it effected the life on people. Changes in families and personalities were expressed. Some states banned alcohol & others added laws to regulate the consumption of it. The movement reduced the amount of alcohol consumption greatly. -
Abolitionist
The abolitionist movement was a political and social movement towards ending slavery. Many of the supporters joined the movement due to the Second Great Awakening. The religious revival taught them too treat other equally. Like those motivated by the 2nd Awakening the English and American Quakers questioned themselves on morality of slavery. Protests of the African slave trades sprung noise all around the societies. Goods made of slave labor were boycotted & this event led up to the civil war -
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints was a christian church that was seen as a restoration of the original church which was founded by Jesus Christ. Known as Mormons the movement of the Latter day Saint was founded by Joseph Smith. Smith found Golden Tablets in 1823 & claimed he had translated them and published them in a book called the book of Mormon. This appealed to many farmers, traders, and people who did bad in the Industrial revolution. The church is now worldwide in the US. -
Nat Turners Rebellion
Led by Nat Turner a slave preacher, the Nat Turner rebellion was one of the biggest slave rebellions in history. Turner was under the belief that God chose him to lead all the blacks to freedom. Through the rebellion 55-60 white people were killed & 56 slaves were executed due to accusation of participating in the rebellion. After the rebellion slaves were outlawed in preaching, were limited access to firearms, southern states strengthened militias & assaults on whites were now a capital offense -
The Nullification Crisis
The Nullification Crisis was a political crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The crisis involved a dispute among South Carolina & the federal government. As Congress raised the Tariff Act of 1832 it affected South Carolina as southern agriculture was now hurting. SC declared the tariff null & void. John Calhoun the Vice president supported nullifying & took the Kentucky Resolutions further. A convention was called & Henry Clay reached a deal, the tariffs were scaled back by Congress -
New York Female Reform Society
The New York Female Reform Society was a group whit the purpose to prevent prostitution. Led by Lydia Finney moral reform became a big issue in America as many organization were created to help women. Due to prostitution nor being completely illegal many women went through it. Between five to ten percent were prostitutes as it paid more than most of the jobs and work out at the time. Actions taken to prevent prostitution were both directed to women and men as well as they were the cause of it. -
The Telegraph
Created by Samuel Morse the Telegraph completely changed long distance communication. It transmitted electrical signals over a wire laid in between stations. Along with the creation of the Telegraph, Morse created Morse code. Morse code was used to depict the messages trying to be sent through a telegraph. A set of dots & dashes were assigned to each individual letter. The Telegraph was the 1st form of electrical telecommunication made thus changing the way communication worked around the world -
Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears refers to the journey Indians took by walking thousands of miles when leaving their lands as they were forced out by the federal government. Due to white settlers wanting to grow cotton on the Indians land Andrew Jackson removed them from their homelands. In Worchester v Georgia the Supreme court gets involved and Georgia pardons Worchester. By pardoning him Jackson ignores the court and removes Indians thus leading to the trail of tears. Thousands die on the journey. -
Period: to
Westward Expansion
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Election of 1840
The election of 1840 was the 14th presidential election & consisted of previous president Van Buren a democrat vs William Henry Harrison a Whig. The Whig party spread rumors about Buren making him look like a pervert leading to the Whigs influencing women to influence their husbands votes. Harrison ended up winning by a landslide but he only made it for more than one month by passing away. John Tyler the VP became the president and disappointed the Whig party throughout his presidency. -
Annexation of Texas
the Republic of Texas was the 28th state admitted to the Union after being seized by the United States. In 1836 the Republic belonging to the Republic of Mexico declared for its independence. Both US political parties opposed its annexation as they did not want to start a war with Mexico. Due to the economy Sam Houston the president of Texas Republic arranged talks towards independence. In 1844 the senate passed a compromise allowing John Tyler to the signing of the annexation bill in 1845. -
The Mexican American War
Due to the Annexation of Texas and Mexico not respecting borders the Mexican American War was started as President James Polk sent troops to the area not being acknowledged by Mexico. Mexico attacked the American troops and Polk asked Congress for deceleration of war. America marched from Kansas to California . As the bear flag revolt also took place, California declared independence as well. The war lasted 2 years and resulted in popular sovereignty and political firestorm in the Wilmot Proviso -
Wilmot Proviso
At the conclusion of the Mexican American war the Wilmot Proviso proposed to prohibit slavery in the new land acquired by the United States. The Wilmot Proviso if passed, would have eliminated any chance in slavery expanding in these new territories. On August 8, 1846 the Wilmot Proviso was approved by the House or Representatives. The Senate discontinued before being able to debate the bill so in February 1 1847 the senate approved the bill but not the proviso. The Proviso never went through -
Period: to
Sectionalim
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The California Gold Rush
The California Gold rush consisted of thousands migrating. The Gold rush was started by the discovery of gold by James Marshall in Coloma, California. With the population rising in California it made it go into statehood in 1850 with the Compromise of 1850. The gold found helped the american economy, supported industries, and made many rich. Gold was easy to find & mines began in 1852. A Chinese migration took place due to opportunity. The Chinese were treated harshly and endured lots of racism -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was a peace treaty between Mexico and the US that ended the Mexican American War. Officially names the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits & settlement between the United States of America & the Mexican Republic the treaty consisted of the US paying 15 million to Mexico & gave the US the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas. It also have US ownership of California & about half of New Mexico, almost all of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, & some parts of Colorado and Wyoming -
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first ever women's rights convention. Held in New York the meeting was organized by Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and local female Quakers. 300 men & women gathered as they signed the documents towards women rights. Two documents listed as the Deceleration of Sentiments and Resolutions were presented as they secured rights in economics & voting if passed. The media was mostly negative in coverage but the movement took a step forward within woman's rights -
Election of 1848
The elction of 1848 consisted of Lewis Cass , a Democrat & Zachary Taylor, a Whig & the Free soil Party which supported the Wilmot Proviso, kept slavery where it already existed, & resented southern influence in Democratic party. Taylors views were mostly unknown so no one really knew what he stood for in his beliefs. Taylor won easily as he portrayed himself differently in both the North & South . Taylor campaigned in the South as being pro-slavery & campaigned in the North for Wilmot Proviso -
The Bear Flag Revolt
The Bear Flag revolt consisted of American settlers revolting against the Mexican government. The settlers didn't trust the Mexican leaders & tensions grew as word of a war went around. The small group of settlers announced California as an independent republic it did not last long as a republic as the US began occupying California. The Bear Flag later became the official state flag in 1911. The american settlers invaded a Mexican outpost of Sonoma and declared California an independent republic -
The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a network of safe houses and secret routes that helped slaves escape. The railroad consisted of abolitionist helping slaves escape the South. Many of the slaves that used the railroad escaped the border states like Maryland, Kentucky, and Virginia. Harriet Tubman an escaped slave made a total of nineteen trips through the railroad freeing 5,000 slaves in a span of thirty years. The railroad in total helped around 100,000 slaves escape between the 1830's and 1860's -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 was a compromise with five separate bills. The compromise, passed by the US Congress was prepared by Henry Clay, Senator of Kentucky. The 5 separate bills consisted of California entering as a free state, New Mexico & Utah deciding on slavery, Federal government absorbing Texas's debt, slave trade being banned in Washington DC & the Fugitive slave act created for the returning of slaves. The compromise settled down the controversies between the North and South over slavery -
The Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Act was established by commissioners for the returning of slaves. When established fugitives had no right to trial & whites that refused to help bring them back would be fined or jailed. Being part of Henry Clay's compromise of 1850 the law forced citizens to help in the returning of slaves making it much more difficult to escape to freedom. Many believed the laws were in favor of Southerns slaveholders as they benefited greatly from them. Some states passed laws to nullify it -
Uncle Toms Cabin
Uncle Toms Cabin was a book written by an abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe. The book talked about how slavery was. It showed how horrific the slaves were treated and what they went through. Being successfully sold many anti abolitionist were furious of the effects the book was having on peoples view of slavery. With the views of many changing anti abolitionist wrote Aunt Phillis's Cabin also known as Southern life as it is. The book portrayed slavery as happy and as a just institution. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas Nebraska Act created Nebraska & Kansas territories. Southerners were afraid of 2 new free states and they wanted to abolish the Missouri Compromise. Southerners wanted the transcontinental railroad to run through the south & not the north. Drafted by Stephen Douglas and Franklin Pierce the Kansas Nebraska Act allowed for the very own states to decide on slavery. Kansas became a slave state and Nebraska became a Free state. the 36 30 was repealed which caused this popular sovereignty. -
John Browns Raid
Jon Brown was a preacher and abolitionist who believed god put him on this earth to destroy slavery. John Brown waned to invade the South and start a slave revolt. He led raiders to Harper's Ferry, Virginia and took control of the town and federal arsenal. John Brown planned to revolt across the south but was defeated quickly. Troops led by Robert e Lee arrived in Virginia and captured John Brown and the people with him. For their actions, John Brown and the raiders were tried and hanged. -
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The Civil War
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South during Civil War
Throughout the Civil War the South had many disadvantages and few advantages. The south's population consisted of about nine million with 3.5 to 4 million being slaves. The south lacked in industrialization with only 18,000 factories, a 155 million dollar industry, and 3% of weapons manufacturing. The south also had around 9,000 miles of railroad tracks in which they did not control. What the south had an advantage in was military leadership. They had competent leadership that gave them an edge. -
Fort Sumter
Abraham Lincoln was resupplying Fort Sumter as they were under siege from the confederate army. Abraham Lincoln informed South Carolina of him resupplying the fort and the south felt as if they needed to show their force. The Union garrison was ordered to surrender as they stood no chance to the Confederate army . General P.G.T Beauregard of the Confederates assaulted Fort Sumter and Abraham Lincoln declared the South in a state of rebellion. 75,000 men were called on to put down the rebellion. -
North during Civil War
Throughout the Civil War the North had many advantages and very few disadvantages. The north had a population of 22 million, more than twice the amount of the south. The industrialization in the north consisted of 110,000 factories a 1.5 billion dollar industry. They had 97% of the weapons manufactured in the war, 94% of all clothing, and 90% of all shows and boots. The railroads were all controlled by the north which was about 30,000 miles of track. The North fought to uphold the constitution -
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves for various reasons. By freeing the slaves the Confederate army would damage their war effort. The proclamation stopped Britain from joining the war & potentially allying with the Confederacy, The border states were able to keep their slaves as part of the deal. The proclamation only applied to those Confederate held land states under rebellion By the end of the war more than 500,000 slaves were free. The proclamation led to many slaves being free. -
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Reconstruction Era
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Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg was the most important and bloodiest battle in the Civil War. It was also the turning point in the war in favor of the Union. The battle lasted 3 days and ended with a Union victory. On the first day the Confederate army advanced on the Union Army's position. Come to the second day and both sides battled it out back and forth. On the third day the Union devastated a charge up the center by the Confederates. In conclusion, General Lee surrendered and lost 1/3 of his force -
Lincolns 10% Plan
During the Civil War there was 2 plans for the south when it came to reconstruction. One of the plans was Lincolns ten percent plan also known as the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction Plan. Rebellious states were ready to rebuild and this plan would help them do so. The plan pardoned all southerners except for officers and officials. Southerners were to take an oath of loyalty and apply for federal recognition. States would have to swear to support both the Union & Constitution as well. -
Wade-Davis Bill
The two plans for the south when it came for reconstruction and one was the Wade Davis Bill. Passing both houses of congress but never being put to use by Lincoln the Wade Davis Bill had radical republicans in charge. It would punish confederate leaders and destroy slave society. The bill would have southerners saying an oath that they never aided the confederacy and would strip officers of their citizenship. States would then be readmitted after long punishment and clear commitment to Union. -
Sherman's March to sea
Sherman's March to Sea consisted of General William Sherman from the Union Army helping marching & helping defeat the south. The march started in Atlanta, the captured city and concluded with the capturing of port Savannah. General Sherman cut the Confederacy in thirds, on his march he destroyed everything not useful to the them and damaged the confederacy's chances at war. By operating behind enemy lines and succeeding in doing so, General Sherman's actions were a big part of winning the war. -
40 Acres and a Mule
Forty Acres and a Mule was a promise to former enslaved slaves that gave them their right to their own land which they worked for so long. Some planters had abandoned land and the lands were taken by Union forces. Former slaves were allowed to own or rent land to farm.They were entitled to a mule and saw land as independent freedom. The lands were eventually given back to original owners growing tension with slaves who were promised otherwise. The failure of reconstruction is emphasized in this -
Freedmen's Bureau
The Freedmen's Bureau also known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was a relief agency in the war-torn South. It had food, school, and emergency services. The agency was a big part of early reconstruction era and was later made part of the US Department or War. Being the only agency that could be assigned to the south t was the main institution for reconstruction. The Bureau also helped African American families in finding each other when they were separated during the war -
Appomattox Courthouse
The battle of Appomattox Courthouse was one of the last battles in conclusion of the Civil War. General Robert E Lee and his Confederate Army of North Virginia surrendered to the Union in leadership of Ulysses Grant. Robert Lee made one last push hoping the Union forces were weak but came to find they were backed up by even more federal infantry. His surrender consisted of roughly 28,000 remaining men & officers going back home in defeat. This battle resulted in many surrenders around the south. -
Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 lasted from 1873 to 1879, it was a financial crisis that set the economy back until 1877. People were focusing on their own economic affairs which greatly affected the economy as a whole. Bank failures rose and the construction of railroads got held back. Many workers were laid off and wages were cut. Democrats won big in 1874. Grant reduced the effort in policing the South as he was afraid of further political losses. The Panic caused a drainage in the economy for two decades. -
Mississippi Plan
The Mississippi Plan was created by Democrats during the Reconstruction era in southern states. It was made to overthrow the republican party in Mississippi. Whites in Mississippi allied for the election of 1874. They created terror for back and white republican voters. Grant rejected sending troops. With the tactics working word spread across the south and the methods became more frequently used. As a result the reconstruction government started falling & a new constitution was written in 1890. -
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 settled the 1876 United States presidential election as the electoral votes were unclear by giving Rutherford Hayes all the electoral votes. By doing so Hayes agreed he would end the Reconstruction era. Hayes also agreed on removing all federal troops fro the South. The compromise was the beginning of total suppression for Southern Blacks as they were now losing power towards their voting. Black republicans began to face discrimination & harassment when it came to voting.
