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He was the first person to use the word "geography" and invented the discipline of geography as we understand it. He invented a system of latitude and longitude.
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He made a voyage of exploration to northwestern Europe at about 325 BC
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An English historian figured out that the moon controlled the tides
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The Vikings discover Greenland and America, although their voyages are largely unrecorded and they left no permanent settlements.
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The compass greatly improved the safety and efficiency of travel, especially ocean travel.
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Normans invent ship's rudder. A rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the hull or fuselage, thus imparting a turning or yawing motion to the craft.
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Funded many explorations.
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Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean and the first to cross the Pacific.
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Cook charted many areas and recorded several islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time.
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He contributed to oceanography in the mid- to late 1700s by making and compiling good observations of ocean currents off the US East Coast
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Maury made many important new contributions to charting winds and ocean currents, including ocean lanes for passing ships at sea
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It was the first expedition organized specifically to gather data on a wide range of ocean features, including ocean temperatures seawater chemistry, currents, marine life, and the geology of the seafloor.
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Sonar is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in Submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect other vessels
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In use, the bathysphere was suspended from a one-inch (2.54 cm) cable, and a solid rubber hose carried an electrical supply and telephone wires which were the occupants' only means of communication with the surface.
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Ptolemy's other main work is his Geographia. This also is a compilation of what was known about the world's geography in the Roman Empire during his time. He relied somewhat on the work of an earlier geographer, Marinos of Tyre, and on gazetteers of the Roman and ancient Persian Empire, but most of his sources beyond the perimeter of the Empire were unreliable.
