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Mussolini takes over Italys Government
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Mussolinis road to dictatorship took much longer than Hitlers in 1933. Hitler was appointed chancellor on Jan. 30, 1933.His power was such that, after the Enabling Act, he could only be seen as a dictator of Nazi Germany regardless of Hidenburgs presidency -
Beer hall Putsch
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More Info The Beer Hall putsch was Hitlers attempt to start an insurrection in Germany against the Weimar Republic. Hitler and his small Nazi Party associated themselves with General Lunedroff, a right-wing german military leader of World War l. -
Kellogg-Brained Pact
The Kellogg Brianed Pact was also called Pact of Paris, multilatarel agreement attempting to eliminate war as an instrument of national policy. It was the most grandiose of a series of peacekeeping efforts after World War l. Referances:
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U.S. Stock Marcket Crash
The stocmarket crash was a sudden dramatic deline of stock prices across a signifigent cross-section of a stock-market, resulting a loss of paper wealth. Stock marcket crashes are social phenomena where external economic combine with crowd behavior and phychology feedback.
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Japan Invades Manchuria
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During 1931 Japan had invaded Manchuria declarations of war, breaching the rules of the League of Nations. Japan had a highly developed industry, but the land was scarce of natural resources. -
Hitler becomes Germanys Chancellor
In elections held weeks later in march, the NSDAP further increased its numbers in the Riechstag, the german legislature. It didnt take long for the NSDAP to move against germanys Jewish population. On april,st 1933 just weeks after hitler became chacellor, the SA initialed a campaign to encourage boycotts of Jewish- owned businesses.References More Info -
Nazis reach a political majority in Germany
Guided by rasist and authoritarian ideas, the Nazis abolished basic freedoms and created a "volk" community. With the "volk" community united all social classes and regions of Germany behind Hitler. Then the Third Reich quickly became a police state, where individuals were soon arrested and brought to prison. References
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Japan withdrawls from the League of Nations
Japan withdrew from the Leage of Nations Assembly after the assembly had adopted a report blaming Japan for events in Manchuria. The assemblys report, recommending that Japan withdraw her troops accupying Manchuria and restore the country to Chinese soveignty. The session did made history.
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First Anti Semitic law is passed in Germany
Nazi leaders bagan to make good on thepledge to persecute German Jews soon after their assumption of power. During the first six years of Hitlers dictatorship, from 1933 until the outbreak of war, Jews felt the effects of more than 400 decrees and regulations that restricted all aspects of their public and private lives. Many of those laws were national ones that had been issued by the German adminitration and affected all Jews. References -
The night of the long knives (rohm purge )
Adolf Hitler purged the leadership of the Nazi paramilitary formation, the Sturmabteilungen. The Nazi leaders took advantage of the purge to kill other political enemies, primarily on the german nationalist right. This was sometimes called Operation Hummingbird, it was the purge that took place in Nazi Germany, when the Nazi regime carried out a series of political murdurs. References
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Hitler openly announces to his cabnit he will defy the treaty of versailles
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Hitler spent many hours in solitude at his mpuntian retreat with its magnificint veiws of the Alps and the valleys below. It was here that the Fuhrer came to contemplate the future of Germany and to make all of his big descisions. -
Creation of the Nuremberg
This was a five-day battle between the forces of the US, Germany and Russia during World War ll. The battle was a blow to Nazi and Germany as Nuremburg was a center of the Nazi regime. Many rallies took place in the city and to lose the city to the Americans took a heavy toll on already low german morale. It wasnt until April 20th that the US took the city center. References
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Italy invades Ethiopia
1935 The League of Nations was faced with another crucial test. Benito Mussolini, the leader of Italy, had adopted Hitlers plans to espand the German terrritories by acquiring all territories it considered German. The aim for invading Ethiopia was to boost Italian national prestige, which was wounded by Ethiopias defeat of italian forces.
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Remiliterization of the Rhineland
The Remilitarization of the Rhineland by the German Army took place on March 7 1936 when German military forces entered the Rhineland. This was signifigant because it violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and other treaties, marking the first time since the end of World War l that German troops had been in this region. References
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Rape of Nanking
This was also known was the Nanking Massacre, it was an episode of mass murder and mass rape commited by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanking during the the Second Sino-Japanese War. The massacre occured during a six-week period. Between 40,000 to over 300,000 Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murderd by soiolers of the Japanese Army. Since most Japanese military records on the killings were deliberatly kept secret or destoyed shortly after the surrender of Japan.References -
Germany annexes Austria
On March 12th 1938, German troops march into Ausria to annex the German speaking nation for the Third Reich. Ausrian troops Nazis consipred for the second time in four years to seize the Austrain government by force and unite their nation with Nazi germany. Austrian leader, learning of the consiracy, met with Nazi leader Hitler in the hopes of reasserting his counttys indendance but was instead bullied into naming several top Austrian Nazis to his cabnit. Referances
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Munich Confernce
This was also known as the Munich agreement. It was a settlement permittling Nazi Germanys annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the countrys boarders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new terriotorial designation was coined. The agreement was negotiated at a conferance held in Munich, Germany. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of Sudetenland in the face of ethnic demands made by Hitler. References
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Hitler demands the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia
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The crisis in Czech had been created in 1919. The new nation ws created out of hte old Austro-Hungarian Empire and it contained numerous nationalities. It was almost inevitable that trouble would occur between the various nationalities. -
Kistallnacht
This was also kown as the Night of the Broken Glass. It was a program agaisnt jews throughout Germany and Austria on Novemner 9-10 and it carried out by SA paramiliary forces and non-Jewish civilians. German authorites looked on without intervening. The name Kristallnacht comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after jewish-owned stores, buildings, and Synagogues had their windows smashed References
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Einsteins letter to FDR
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The Letter that launched the arms race. A warning to President Roosivelt of the possibility of condtructing 'extreamly powerful bombs of a new type" with hints that the German government might be doing just that. -
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
he Treaty of Nonagfression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and also known as the Ribbentrop Molotov Pact or Nazi-Soviet Pact, was a non-aggression pact signed between germany and Soviet Uniion in Moscow in August 1939. The pact publicly stated intentions were a gaurentee of non- belligrence by each party towards the other and a commitment that neither party would ally itself to or aid an enemy of the other party. References -
Nazi invasion of Poland
The Invasion of Poland was also known as the September Campaign or the Defensive war. In Poland and the Poland Campaign was an invasion of Poland by Germany, the soviet union, and a small Slovak contigent that marked the beggining of World War ll. German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west. As the Germans advanced, Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the Polish-German border to more established lines of defence to the east. References -
Evacuation of Dunkirk
The Dunkirk evacuation, or the Operation dynamo was also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk. This wa the evacuation of allied soilders from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, France. The operation was a decided upon when large numbers of British , French, and Belgian troops were cut off and surrounded by the German army during the Battle of France in the Second WorldWar ll.References
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France Surrenders
Hitler unleashes his blitzkrieg invasion of the Low Countries and France with a fury on May 10, 1940. Within three weeks, a large part of the britsh force, accompanied by some of the French defenders, is pushed to the English Channel and compelled to abandon the continent at Dunkirk. The French government countinues its fight southward to Bordeaux where it disintegrates.References
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Battle of Britain
The Battle of Britain is the name given to the Second World War air campaign waged by the german Air Force agaisnt the united Kingdom during the summer and automn of 1940. The Battle of Britain was the first major campaign to be faught entirely by air forces, and was also the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign to that date. The Battle of Britain has an unusual didtinction in that it gained its name prior to being fought. The name is derived from a famous speech that was in the House of Commons more than three weeks prior to the generally accepted date for the start of the battle.References -
The Tripartlite Pact
This is also known as the Berlin Pact, it was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan signed in Berlin. It was a defensive alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and as well as the German client state of Slovakia. The Tripartitle Pact was a piece of propoganda directed primarly at the US. References More Info -
Operation Barbarossa
On June 22nd 1941 Hitler launched his armies eastward in a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, three great army troops with over three million German soliers, 150 divisions, and three thousand tanks smashed across the frontier into Soviet territory. The invasion covered a front the North Cape to the Black Sea, a distance of two thousand miles. Russia represented the finest army to fight in the twentieth century. Barbarossa was the crucial turning point in World War ll , for its failure forced Nazi Germany to fight a two-front war against a coalition possessing immensely superior resources. References -
Bombing of Pearl Harbor
Hunderds of Japanese fighter planes attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor near Honolulu, Hawaii. The barrage lasted just two hours, but is was devestating. The Japanese managed to destroy nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight enormous battleships, and almost 200 airplanes . More than 2,000 American soldiers and sailers died in this attack, and another 1,000 of then were wounded. References
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Lend Lease Act
The Land Lease Act was passed in 1940 and was the prinipal means for providing US military aid to foreign nations during World War ll</a>. It autherized the president to transfer arms or any other defense materials for which Congress appropriated money to "the governmentof any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States." The lnd Lease Act of March 11,1941, was the pricipal means for providing US military aid for foreign nations during World War llReferences -
The Wansee Conferance
The Wannsee Conference was a meeting of senior officials of Nazi Germany, held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on Jan. 20th 1942. The purpose of the conference, was to ensure the cooperation of administrative leaders of various government departments in the implemantation of the final solution to the Jewish question, where most of the Jews of German-occupied Europe would be deported to Poland and murderd. The conference attendees included representitives from several government ministries, including state secretaries. References -
Island Hopping
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Island Hopping is the phrase given to the stratagy employed by the US to gain military bases and secure the many small islands in the Pacific. The attack was lead by General Douglas-in-MacArthur, Commander of thos islands, and quickly constructed landing strips and small military bases. -
Bataan Death March
After the surrender of the Bataan Paninsula on the main Philippine island of Luzon to the Japanese during WWll. There was aproximetly 75,000 Filipino and American troops on Bataan were forced to make an ardous 65 mile march to prison camps. The marchers made the trek in intense heat and were subjected to harsh treatment by Japanese gaurds. Thousands perished in what became known as the Bataan Death March.
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Doolittle Raid
The Doolittle Raid, also known as the tokyo Raid, it happend on April 18th 1942. It was an air raid by the US on the Japanese capital Tokyo and other places on Honshu island durning World War ll, the first air raid to strike the Japanese Home Islands. It demonstrated that Japan itself was vulnerable to American air attack, served as retaliation for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and provided an important boost to morale while damaging Japanese morale. References -
Battle of Midway
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The Battle of Midway, fought in June 1942, must be considered one of the most decisive battles of World War ll. The Battle of Midway effectively destroyed Japan's naval strength when the Americans destroyed four of its aircraft carriers. -
Battle of Stalingrad
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More Info The Battle of Stalingrad was a successfull Soviet defense of the city of Stalingrad in the Russian SFSR during World War ll. Russians consider it to be the greatest battle of their Great Patriotic War, and most historians consdier it to be the greatest battle of the entire conflict. -
Operation Torch
Operation Torch was the name given to the Allied invasion of French North Africa in nnovember 1942. This event was the first time the British and Americans had jointly worked on an invasion plan together. Stalin had been having the Allies to start a new front against the Germans in the western sector of the war in Europe. From North Africa, the plan was to invade Sicily and then on to mainland Italy and move up the so-called "soft underbelly" of Europe.
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Island Hopping-The buna gona campaign
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After the Battle of Midway the US launched a counter-offensive strike known as 'island hopping" establishing a line of overlapping island bases. The idea was to capture certian key islands, one after another, until Japan came within range of American bombers. -
Operation Valkyrie
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Operation Valkyrie is the title most associated with the attenpted assassination of Hitler, which was to be put into operation if there was a breakdown on communication between Hitler and High Command in Nazi Germany as a result of Allied bombing or an uprising. -
Operation Overload D-Day
Operation Overlord was the code name given to the Allied invasion of France scheduled for June 1944. The overall commander of Operation Overlord was General Dwight Eisenhower. Operation Overlord required the type of logistical issues that no army had ever had to cope with before and the plan was for the Allies to have landed a vast amount of both men and equipment by the end of D Day itself. More Info Referances -
Battle of the Bulge
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In Dec 1944, HItler attemted to split the Allied armies in northwest Europe with the blitzkrieg through the Ardennes at Antrwerp. As the Germans drove deeper into the Ardennes in an attempt to secure vital bridgeheads, the Allied line took on the appearanceof a large buldge,giving rise to the battles name -
Hiters Scuicide
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HIter and other men burrowed away in a refurbished air-raid shelter, consumes a cyanide capsule, then shoots himself with a pistol, on this day in 1945 and his "1,000 year " Reich collapses above him. -
V-E Day
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On this day Great Britain and the US celebrate Victory in Europe Day. Cities in both nations, as wellas formely occupied cities in Western Europe, put out flages and banners, rejoicing in the defeat of the Nazi war machine. -
Bombing of Hiroshima
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In August 1945, during the World War ll, an American B-29 bomber dropped the worlds first deployed atmoic bomb over the Japanese cuty of Hiroshima. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediatly killed 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. -
Bombing of Nagasaki
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V-J Day
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On August 14,1945, it was announced that Japan had surrendered uncondiionally to the Allies, effectively ending World War ll. Since then, both August 14 and August 15 have been known as Victoryover Japan Day or VJ Day. The term has also been used for September 2, 1945, when anchored in Tokyo Bay. -
Creation of the United Nations
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The United Nations, international organization established on October 24, 1945. The United Nations was the second multipurpose international organized established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership. -
Japaneese War Crime Trials
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In Japan the International Military Tribunals fo rthe Far East begins hearing the case agaisnt 28 Japanese military and government officials accused of commiting war crimes and crimes against humanity during World War ll. -
The Begining of the Cold War
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The Cold War was the geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle between two world superpowers, the US and the USSR, that started in 1947 at the end of the Second Word War and lasted until the dissolution of hte Soviet Union on Dec. 26, 1991.
