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Allies
The Triple Entente, later known as the Allies, consisted of France, Britain, and Russia -
Central Powers
Germany and Austria-Hungary, together with the Ottoman Empire -
1914 Assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand
As the royal entourage drove through the city, Serbian nation- alist Gavrilo Princip stepped from the crowd and shot the Archduke and his wife Sophie. Princip was a member of the Black Hand, an organization promoting Serbian nationalism. -
Schlieffen plan
Germany invaded Belgium.This plan called for a holding action against Russia, combined with a quick drive through Belgium to Paris; after France had fallen, the two German armies would defeat Russia -
Sinking of the British liner, Luisitania
a Germany U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania off the southern coast of Ireland. Of the 1,198 persons lost, 128 were Americans. Germans defended their action on the grounds that the liner carried ammunition. -
Sinking of British liner, Arabic
a U-boat sank another British liner, the Arabic, drowning two Americans. Again the United States protested, and this time Germany agreed not to sink any more passenger ships -
Sinking of French passenger liner, Sussex
Germany broke its promise and torpedoed an unarmed French passenger steamer, the Sussex. about 80 passengers, including Americans, were killed or injured. United States warned that it would break off diplomatic relations unless Germany changed its tactics. Again Germany agreed, but there was a condition: if the United States could not persuade Britain to lift its blockade against food and fertilizers, Germany would consider renewing unrestricted submarine warf -
Battle of the somme
British suf- fered 60,000 casualties the first day alone.Final casualties totaled about 1.2 mil- lion, yet only about seven miles of ground changed hands.trench warfare, in which armies fought for mere yards of ground -
Zimmermann note
a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico that was intercepted by British agents. proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany and promised that if war with the United States broke out, Germany would support Mexico in recovering “lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.” -
Convoy System
American Vice Admiral William S. Sims convinced the British to try the convoy system, in which a heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups. By fall of 1917, shipping losses had been cut in half -
Second battle of the Marne
U.S. troops helped win the Second Battle of the Marne. tide had turned against the Central Powers -
Selective Service Act of 1917
To meet the government’s need for more fighting power, Congress passed the Selective Service Act in May 1917. The act required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. By the end of 1918, 24 million men had registered under the act. -
Espionage and Sedition Acts
June 1917:Espionage Act, May 1918: Sedition Act. Under the Acts a person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort -
Cease-fire and Armistice
at the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, in the eleventh month of 1918, Germany agreed to a cease-fire and signed the armistice, or truce, that ended the war -
War Industries Board
The board encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency. It also urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products. The WIB set production quotas and allocated raw materials. -
National War Labor Board
To deal with disputes between management and labor, President Wilson estab- lished the National War Labor Board in 1918. pushed for an eight-hour workday, promoted safety inspections, and enforcedthe child labor ban -
Food Administration
To help produce and conserve food, Wilson set up the Food Admin- 1918 istration under Herbert Hoover. -
Committe on Public Information
To popularize the war, the government set up the nation’s first propaganda,kind of biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions, agency. Head of the CPI, a former muckraking journalist: George Creel -
Austria-Hungary surrenders to the Allies
Austria- Hungary surrendered to the Allies -
Establishment of the German Republic
German sailors mutinied against government authority. The mutiny spread quickly. Everywhere in Germany, groups of soldiers and workers organized rev- olutionary councils. On November 9, socialist leaders in the capital, Berlin, established a German republic
