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   Fall of Constantinople: 1453 Fall of Constantinople: 1453
 Ottoman Empire, led by Mehmed II, captures Constantinople, reshaping trade routes and prompting European exploration for alternative paths to Asia.
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   Columbus discovers America: 1492 Columbus discovers America: 1492
 Christopher Columbus, sponsored by Spain, accidentally reaches the Caribbean, inaugurating European exploration of the Americas.
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   Magellan circumnavigates the globe: 1519-1522 Magellan circumnavigates the globe: 1519-1522
 Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer under the Spanish flag, leads the first successful circumnavigation despite his death in the Philippines.
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   Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: 1599 Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: 1599
 William Shakespeare's play, written and performed in 1599, delves into themes of power, betrayal, and political intrigue.
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  Taj Mahal construction: 1632-1648
 The Taj Mahal, a stunning marble mausoleum commissioned by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, is completed in Agra, India.
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   Newton’s Laws published: 1687 Newton’s Laws published: 1687
 Sir Isaac Newton publishes "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica," establishing the laws of motion and universal gravitation, revolutionizing our.