-
Period: to
Henry Cabot Lodge
-He strongly supported both imperialism and a stronger navy
-He was in charge of the Congressional Committee that was in charge of investigators
-Was against joining the league of nations and felt the US would lose its freedom of action
-Imperialism- A policy of ex trading a country's power and influence through diplomacy and military force -
Period: to
Alfred Thayer Mahan
-Mahan influenced the US military policy by the ideas in his book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History.
-Mahan’s ideas influenced naval power by the US seeking new markets abroad through the navy on the seas, and his emphasis upon acquisition of naval bases, including Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt -
Period: to
Presidency of Stanford B Dole
-The US Navy use Hawaii as a gas station
-He helped overthrow the queen of Hawaii and shortly afterwards he had gotten elected president of Hawaii which led to the annexation of Hawaii to the US
-He was born in Hawaii, and his family developed the pineapple company -
Sinking of the USS Maine
-The Maine was sent to Cuba to protect American citizens while the Cuban revolutionaries were fighting Spain for independence
-The newspaper writers on blamed Spain for the explosion so there was a public uproar
-Many Americans saw this as a chance to seize other overseas possessions and begin building an American Empire. -
Period: to
Expanding World Power
In this time period, America changes their view from internal expansion and domestic issues to becoming a global force, both economically and militarily. -
Period: to
Spanish-American War
-Was a conflict between the US and Spain
-The war was to end Spanish colonial rule in the US and a chance for the US to be an empire
-It was in the Western Pacific and Latin America like the Philippines, Samoa, Guam, Wake Island, and Cuba.
-Congress support a modernization program that would make American navy effective and strong -
Period: to
Theodore Roosevelt - Rough Riders
-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt raised a volunteer force known as the "Rough Riders" acting with other army regiments. They defeated Spanish forces at San Juan Hill in Cuba. -
Open Door Policy
-Purpose of the policy was to give all nations equal rights when trading with China
-The Treaty would oppose any attempts by other nations to use the rebellion as an excuse to dismember China
-This policy was the US attempt towards world power -
Period: to
Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
-Roosevelt unexpectedly became the 26th president of the US after the assassination of McKinley
-Roosevelt "Square Deal" domestic program included a promise to battle large industrial Combinations
-Foreign policy was to bring the US out of it's isolationism and fill its responsibility as a world power
-After the death of Garret Hobart, Theodore became vice-president -
Period: to
Panama Canal
-The Panama Canal took 10 years to build
-The price of the build was $403
-The US helped free panama from Colombia to get access for the build -
Roosevelt Corollary
-Was created by Theodore Roosevelt
-Convinced that all of Latin America was vulnerable to European attack.
-President Roosevelt dusted of the Monroe Doctrine and added his own corollary
-Monroe Doctrine blocked further expansion of Europe in the Western Hemisphere, Roosevelt Corollary
-Was used to justify US intervention through the Hemisphere -
Period: to
Dollar Diplomacy
-Was to create stability and order abroad that would best promote American commercial interests.
-To improve financial opportunities to use private capital further US interest overseas
-Taft administration concentrated in assisting American businessmen in the protection and expansion of investment and trade, especially in Latin America and far east. If Latin American countries did not pay their debt the US government sent marines to collect -
Period: to
World War 1
-Central Powers consist of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
-Allied powers are Serbia, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium, Bosnia and the United States.
-The cause of the war the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 -
Period: to
Weapons of Total War: Part 3
-Poison Gas
-Extremely powerful blistering effect on its victims. It harass and disable the enemy and pollute the battlefield. German's had more chance on winning the battle
Tanks
-Lead the charge across no man's land to protect both the vehicles and the men caused by early trench warfare
Canned Food
-French directory decided that something needed to be done about the military's food supply
-Food last longer, it was relatively easy to mass produce and deliver -
Period: to
Weapons of Total War
Submarines (U-Boats)
-Submarines or u-boats were created to fight war in sea
-Developed to gain advantage in the warfare
-Extremely effective against merchant ships, and hindering the allies supply line.
Mines
-Explosive device concealed under water or on ground to destroy or disable enemy targets ranging from combatants to vehicles, and tanks as they passed over or near it
-Developed to create defensive tactical barriers channeling attacking forces
-Decreased the use of submarines -
Period: to
Weapons of Total War: Part 2
Machine Guns
-Fully automatic mounted or portable firearm, design to fire bullets in a quick succession from an ammunition belt
-Developed for rapid firing
-One of the most deadliest and devastating weapons
Trench Warfare
-Method of fighting were opposing armies fought from and defended their territories using a system of dug out trenches
-To construct a thought out system that underwent constant revision
-Protected men from machine guns -
Sinking of Lusitania
-Less than a year after WW1 a German U-boat the RMS, A british ocean liner route from New York to Liver Pool, England -
German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
-Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, which all ships would be attacked by the German navy. A string of attacks on merchant ships followed, culminating in the sinking of the Lusitania by a German U-boat
-The incident prompted U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to send a note to the German government demanding an end to German attacks against unarmed merchant ships, and the German navy commanders, did not accept this degree of passivity, and continued -
Sussex Pledge
-The Sussex Pledge was a promise mad in 1916 during WWI by Germany to the U.S. prior to the latter's entry into the war. Early in 1915 Germany Had instituted a policy of unrestricted ships, but not passenger ships to be torpedoed without warning. -
Espionage Act
-The act was designed to crush subversion and silence critics of the war. For those convicted of aiding the enemy obstructing military recruitment, protesting, conscription,or say or doing anything to impede the war effort
-The maximum fine was up to $810,000 and 20 years in Federal Prision -
Zimmerman Telegram
-This was a message from the German Foreign Minister to Mexico gov.
-The war between the US and Germany is published on the front pages of newspapers across America to help bring America into WW1 -
Fourteen Point Plan
-The fourteen point plan ideas were distributed would wide by the government writing for George Creel in the American Committee on public information
-Millions of copies of booklets and pamphlets that explained Wilson's plans were distributed to allied nations and dropped from planes above Germany
-Allies agreed to accept the fourteen points as the basis for the country peace negotiations if Wilson would agree to two reservations -
American Expeditionary Force
-The commanding general was John J. Pershing
-The AEF's nickname was "Doughboys"
-They had more then 500,000-1,000,000 men, the AEF sustained about 320,000 casualties and 204,000 wounded during the war
-U.S. divisions were deployed with French and British units to gain combat experience by defending relatively quiet sectors of their lines. The AEF helped push the allied powers toward victory under the command of General John J. Pershing. -
Battle of Argonne Forest
-The AEF assembled 600,000 soldiers + 40,000 pieces of artillery
-A total of 1.2 million Americans were involved 117,000 were killed or wounded.
-Fought through the hilly Terrain Shattered the German line
-Final allied offensive of world war 1 that structured along the entire western front to help end the war -
Alvin York
-He was said to kill over 20 German soldiers and captures an additional 132 at the head of a small detachment in the Argonne Forest near the Meuse River in France.
-The German commander had underestimated the size of the enemy squadron, surrendered his garrison of some 90 men
- York was awarded the highest American military decoration, the Congressional Medal of Honor -
Supreme Court
-Issue: The first Amendment violated when congress makes a law that punishes opinions against the war.
-Congress passed a law called the Esponage Act which said that during wartime obstructing the draft was a crime
-The court ruled that there is limits to free speech. Free speech is not protected from falsely should "Fire" in a crowded theater and causing panic. The first Amendment did not protect words that create a "clear and present danger" -
Treaty of Versailles
-The treaty's terms was Germany to take the blame, Germany had to give up land to France, and 4 other countries, Germany had to pay for all the reparations, and the German Army was limited to 100,000 men. The League of Nations was created.
-The U.S. saw this treaty as an unfair punishment, so Woodrow Wilson proposed 14 points.
-The U.S. was offered to join the League but turned it down because of foreign affairs, so the U.S. went into isolation until the Stock Market Crash. -
Schenck v. United States
-He distributed thousands of flyers to American servicemen recently drafted to fight in World War I, the flyers asserted that the draft amounted to "involuntary servitude" and that the war itself was motivated by capitalist greed, and urged draftees to petition for repeal of the draft.
-The court's ruling was Schenck got sent to jail for six months
-His speech created a clear and present danger of insubordination in wartime, and was a man who cries "Fire!" in a crowded theater causing a panic. -
League of Nations
-The treaty created the league of nations, an organization of nations pledged to defend each other against aggressors
-The US congress denied President Wilson's 14 points along with the league of nations
-The league was severely weaken when several major powers such as the US and Russia failed to join it