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panama canal
-9/16/1903 - 9/17/1914
-President Roosevelt oversaw realization of a long tern united state goal, trans-isthmian canal
-through the 1800s, america and British leaders and businessman wanted to ship goods quickly and cheapy between the Atlantic and pacific coast
-international trade influenced the political situations in order to build the canal. -
Sanford B. Dole
-dole was a lawyer who led the provisional government while it worked out plans for the u.s. to annex he islands
-when president Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii because of the planters actions in seizing power, dole served as Hawaii president.
-After the outbreak of the Spanish-american war, congress then voted to annex Hawaii
-Dole served as governor of Hawaii from 1900-1903
-dole pineapple company was named after him
- dole overthrew Queen Lilivokalani -
USS Maine
-maine was sent to cuba to protect u.s. interests during the cuba war of independence.
-feburay 15, the maine exploded in havana harbor killing 266 men
-leaded to the spanish-american war
-yellow journalism swept the nation and its propaganda helped to precipitate military action by the u.s.
-this gave the u.s. the opportunity to become an empire. -
Sinking of the USS maine
-the Maine was sent to Cuba to protect american citizen while the Cuban revolutionaries were fighting Spain for independence.
-The newspaper writers on blamed Spain for the explosion so there was a public uproar.
-many Americans saw this as a chance to seize other overseas possessions and begin building an american empire. -
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Theodore Roosevelt
-roosevelt was elected gov. of NY until 1900's, but came popular w/ rep. party then elected VP under president Mckinley.
- sept 14 theodore became the 26th president , b/c president mckinley was assassinated
- establish pelican island FL as fed birds reserve and signs treaty with panama for building of panama canal and help establish yosemite park and national park. -
open doors policy
-john hays sent all the imperial countries a letter called the open door note which urged them to announce that in their spheres of influence
-they would respect Chinese rights and the idea of fair competition.
-the purpose was to give all nations equal rights when trading w/ china, soother euro. nations wouldn't use the boxer rebellion to take over china.
-was aimed to enhance global trade and promote china's welfare and sovereignty. -
Roosevelt Corollary
-was an addition to the Monroe doctrine
-said the u.s. had the right to exercise military force in Latin american countries to keep Europeans out
-lead the us into conflict with the Caribbean and central america
-was an important part of american imperialism -
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dollar diplomacy
-was to create stability and order abroad that would best promote america commercial interests. -to improve financial opportunities to use private capital further US interest overseas -
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Weapons of total part 2
Machine guns:
-fully automatic mounted or portable firearm, design to fire bullets in a quick succession from am ammunition belt.
-Developed for rapid firing
-one of the most deadliest and devastating weapons.
Trench warfare:
-method of fighting where opposing armies fought from and defended their territories using a system of day out trenches.
-to constrict a thought out system that under went constant revision.
-protected men from machine guns. -
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weapons of total war part 3
airplanes: purpose- started reconnaissance. cause- didn't have a way to bomb they used tanks but they were too slow. effect- introduced Ariel bombing and attacking troops on the ground from the air
poison gas: purpose- fatally injured victims. use to attack large armies. cause- Germany wanted to stay ahead in terms of gas warfare effects- 79000 soldiers were killed. on soil for weeks making capture of infected trenches dangerous. -
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weapons of total war part 3
tanks: purpose- the development of tanks was a response to stalemate of trench warfare. effect- it did a great deal to end horrors of trench warfare and brought back some mobility of the western front.
canned food: purpose- canned food in particular was cheap source of substance and it was relatively easy to mass produce and deliver to soldiers. Effects- become more widespread because it was cheap and more people became accustomed to eating packaged food. -
Sussex pledge
-promise made in 1916 during ww1 by Germany to the u.s. prior to the latters entry into the war.
-the Sussex, a french cross-channel passenger ferry was torpedoed w/o warning on march 24,1916
-about 50 lives were taken -
American Expeditionary force
-the AEF consisted of the u.s. armed forces sent to Europe under the command of general john j. pershing in 1917 to help fight WW1.
-14,000 u.s. soldiers had arrived in france and AEF had only a minor participation.
-nickname "doughboys" possibly because of the whitebelts they wore which they clean with pipe clay or dough.
- pershing believe in a combat and felt that 3 yrs of trench warfare made allies too defensive. american force to stop german advance. -
zimmerman telegram
-this was a message from the German Foreign Minister to Mexico Gov.
-the war between the US and Germany is published on the front pages of newspaper across american to help bring america into WW1. -
The Fourteen Point Plan
-president Woodrow Wilson was the author of the fourteen points.
-it was as statement of principles for world peace negotiations in order to end WW1.
-Europeans welcomed the plan but congress and Wilson's colleagues in France,Italy, and UK. rejected the plan.
-he was awarded a Nobel peace prize in 1919 for his peace-making efforts -
German unrestricted submarine warfare
-was first introduced in WW1 when Germany declared the area around the British isles a war zone , in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries would be attacked by the German navy which led to the U.S. into war
-submarines sink vesseis such as freighters and tankers w/o warning. -
espionage act
-the law was extended on may 16,1918 by the sedition act of 1918- actually a set of amendments to the espionage act- which prohibited many fears of speech, including any disloyal, scumilous or abusive language about the from of government of the U.S. -
U.S. soldier Alvin york
-In 1918, U.S. corporal Alvin C. York reportedly kills over 20 German Soldier and capture an additional 132 at the head of a small detachment in the aigone forest near the Meuse river in France
- several other american soldiers followed York's
-he was given credit for killing more than 20 Germans soldiers,promoted to the ronla of sergeant -
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Battles of Argonne forest
-the battle of the Argonne forest was major part of the final allied offensive of WW1.
-was fought from September 26, 1918 until the armistice of November 11 1918 total of 47 days
- the battle cost 28,000 German lives and 26,277 Americans lives making in the largest and bloodiest operation of WW1. -
treaty of Versailles
-it was the peace treatie at the end of WW1
-it ended the state of war between Germany and the allied powers.
-The surrenders of German colonies of nations mandates
-but wasn't signed by the u.s.
-the provisions caused German expansion economic downfall and hyperinflation and vulnerability of the German people and led to the election of Hitler and the fascist party -
League of nations
-intergovernmental organization as a result of the Paris peace.
-purpose was to maintain world peace
-weakness - lacked there own armed forces they depended on the great, but they were reluctant to help
-the league severely weakened when several major powers, such as the u.s. and Russia, failed to join it
- league proved incapable of preventing aggression by axis powers and countries started withdrawing from the league -
Alfred thayer mahan
-mahan was commissioned in the u.s. navy in 1859
-mahan spent the next two deca. making his career in the sea service.
-published book 1660-1783 which focused on advancing state power
-the sea bought immigrants to the shores of the new nation and served as a base for outward trade.
-Mahan book expanding westwards assimilating half of the north american continent into its political union. -
Henry cabot Lodge
-He was served as u.s. senate
-he wanted a stronger navy and increase the u.s. empire.
-imperialism - a policy of extending a country's power and influence through, diplomacy or military force. -
Theodore Roosevelt
-he was a rough riders because he left post as naval secretary to become colonel of the first volunteer canary
-Roosevelt charges up san juan hill on his horse while the rough riders followed on foot and he became a hero. -
weapons of total war
-the use of unrestricted warfare was to have major impact on WW1 as it was one of the main reasons why america joined the war.
-navel or water mines are self contained explosive devices placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines
-land mines are self contained explosive devices concealed under the earth. -
sinking of Lusitania
-less than a year WW1 a German u-boat the rms, a British ocean liner route from new York to liver pool, England