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Established the Supreme Court
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Federalists oppose it, Anti-Federalists support (U.S. Neutral)
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(opposed by Jefferson)
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keeps America neutral after France declares war on Britain, Spain, and Holland (example of U.S. foreign policy)
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illegal to help slaves escape
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** Creates massive increase of slaves in the South
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1st time U.S. Government uses Federal troops to subdue domestic issues (Farmers did not like new excise taxes)
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U.S. cheaply pays 12 Native American tribes for Ohio territory
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Spain gives U.S. navigation rights on Mississippi River, New Orleans
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(Federalist) defeats Thomas Jefferson (Republican) in first contested Presidential Election; Jefferson becomes Vice President
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French try to extort U.S. for diplomatic meetings – public wants war
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expands Gov’t power, limit dissent and weakening of Gov’t, ruled unconstitutional -Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions – increase state rights over Federal rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
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major religious reform movement; helps increase abolition
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Aaron Burr is VP
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(move helps gain Southern support for Hamilton’s economics)
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Judiciary Act/Midnight Judges – Adams attempt to secure the Federalist party days before he is to leave office by appointing Federalists into office
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establishes Judicial Review
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not known to Jefferson if it was constitutional to annex land, Congress approves purchase from France, doubles the size of U.S.
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(Sacagawea guided)
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placed by Jefferson on Britain/France; fails – hurts U.S. economy
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(issues – impressments, blockades, economy, Native Americans)
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(weapons provided by Britain)
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New England’s states threaten secession; Federalist Party is no more
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(one party politics) begins in the U.S.
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Good relations with Britain begins (i.e. sharing of Oregon Territory)
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transportation revolution
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reelected in 1820
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construction begins(connects to great lakes to Atlantic ocean)
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ruling confirms Congresses’ right to found the 2nd banl of the US
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sets dividing line between free and slaves states at
latitude 36’30’ o Above line (free), Below line (slave) -
establishes first U.S. Settlement in Texas
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claims western hemisphere closed to European intervention (first major U.S. foreign diplomacy)
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establishes federal control of interstate commerce
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(50th anniversary of Dec. of Independence)
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invents mechanical reaper – transforms agriculture
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transcendentalism (individualism)
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Civil Disobedience
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giving government positions to friends or colleagues (Andrew Jackson)
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reforms in education
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Cherokee tribes sent on forced removal to Oklahoma, 4,000 die on way
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established (legal segregation)
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– U.S. destiny and duty to expand and conquer the west
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wants immediate emancipation (he was white)
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– creates North Star abolitionist newspaper, writes Narratives of...
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ends Mexican War, Mexico cedes Texas and all land north of the Rio Grande to U.S. (creates modern border of the U.S. with Gadsden Purchase)
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North gets California as free states, ban of sale of slaves in D.C. South gets stricter enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act, $10 mil to Texas
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Kansas-Nebraska Act– repeals Missouri Compromise, popular sovereignty to determine slave/free states
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John Brown leads antislavery massacre at Pottawatomie Creek, fight over slavery in Kansas
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ruling effectively nullifies Missouri Compromise, declares that slaves are property – cannot sue
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Stephen Douglas wins Illinois Senate seat. Lincoln a household name
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later captured and hanged
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South Carolina secedes the Union = Civil War
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1st and only President
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confederates attack Union – war starts
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160 acres to each farmer willing to cultivate land in West
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– bloodiest battle of the Civil War
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turning point of Civil War; South never recovers
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– frees slaves in only Confederate states; foreign diplomacy!
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destroys everything!
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abolishes slavery
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surrenders at Appomattox Court House to Union Gen. Ulysses Grant
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Andrew Johnson now President
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limits rights of freed blacks
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grants citizenship to all people born in U.S. (14th
Amendment) -
used to impeach Andrew Johnson (said he had violated it)
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(becomes 49th state in 1959)
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connects the coasts of the United States; greatest transportation achievement
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first black senator – Mississippi
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grants protection of voting rights to black males
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greatest example of a political machine (NYC)
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authority of state governments over individuals
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corruption in Grants administration & Republican party
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gets women’s suffrage vote to Congress – leads to 19th Amendment
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gradual approach to equal rights – prove yourself W.E.B Dubois – changes in civil rights now; founds the NAACP
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bans Chinese immigration for 10 years
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Standard Oil Trust; Andrew Carnegie – Steel
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denies tribal rights, advances forced assimilation, opens lands to whites
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Federal forces massacre 200 Sioux Indians
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outlaws monopolies, price-fixing, other trade restraints
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formed specifically to give farmers a voice in government
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journalism that features unethical or unprofessional practices by news media
organizations or individual journalists -
Separate but Equal’ is constitutional (overturned by Brown vs. Board of Education)
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voting rights of blacks challenged with literacy tests and poll taxes
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Teddy Roosevelt leads Rough Riders, U.S. crushes Spain’s Navy
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ends the Spanish-American War
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U.S. attempt to gain foothold in Chinese markets
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Teddy Roosevelt now 26th President
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increases U.S. presence in Latin America
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writers who expose big business corruption
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set food quality standards
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connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (opens in 1914)
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assembly lines introduced
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establishment of income tax
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direct election of senators
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bloodiest war in world history to date, aka “The Great War,” “The War to End All Wars”
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Americans killed on board
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gets warning from U.S.
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intercepted by British, asks for Germany/Mexico alliance against U.S.; US. Enters WWI
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establishes the draft
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by Woodrow Wilson, 14th pt most important – calls for League of Nations
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ends WWI; calls for heavy reparations on Germany, disarmament, and creation of League of Nations; U.S. Senate rejects it
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outlaws purchase, sale, and transport of alcohol
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women’s suffrage (right to vote)
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exposes massive corruption in Harding Administration
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ease war reparations on Germany
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popularizes debate over teaching evolution in schools – outlawed
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completes world’s first solo flight across Atlantic – seen as a hero
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executed for murder; controversial because the were anarchists, politically motivated and unjustified
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‘Black Tuesday’ – launches Great Depression
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forced out
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FDR claims Bank Holiday to fix banks
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FDR address public on radio – continues to 1944 – gives public hope
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creation of countless jobs, most productive of any president’s 1st 100 days
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AAA – controls crop production, compensates farmers for cooperation
TVA – established to construct dams in Tennessee River to generate electricity
NIRA – sets nationwide business practices oNRA – manage industry recovery
PWA – employ jobless -
shifts presidential inaugurations from March to January
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repeals 18th amendment (prohibition)
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criticizes FDR, “Share Our Wealth” proposes large tax burden on wealthy
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supports union rights, protects collective bargaining
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establishes funds for unemployed and elderly
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WWII begins
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Axis Powers– Germany, Italy, Japan;
Allied Powers– Britain, France, China, U.S., USSR -
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provides U.S. loan aid to Britain, USSR & allied powers
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agreement b/n U.S President FDR and Britain Prime Minister Churchill
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Japan bombs Pearl Harbor – U.S. enters the War
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motivate U.S. citizens to support war efforts
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U.S. defeats Japan, seen as turning point in the war in the Pacific
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imprisonment of Japanese in California
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creation of the Atomic Bomb
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seen as wars turning point for allied victory
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(largest land/sea invasion)
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begins to break down Axis position on western front
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prosecute Nazi war criminals Baby Boom, Economic Prosperity
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describes division of Communist Eastern Europe from Western Europe
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U.S. intent to fight Communism by helping free nations resist it.
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postwar economic recovery to help Western Europe; largest relief aid given by the U.S. in U.S. history
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USSR blocks all aid into West Berlin
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U.S. drops food and supplies by air to West Berlin
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created – alliance system of 26 countries in North America and Europe
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U.S. aids South Korea against North Korea; Peace Treaty in 1953
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begins rabid anti-communist campaign; hurt when he accuses military of having communists; alcoholic
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage; Alger Hiss convicted of perjury – 1991 Soviet documents confirm their guilt!
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overturns Plessy vs. Ferguson; says separate but equal is unconstitutional
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(Truman) must stop spread of all communism; “Domino Theory” (Eisenhower) – fears that Indochina must not go communist or it will spread all over the world
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temporally divides Vietnam at 17th parallel
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arrested for not giving up seat on bus to whites; sparks Montgomery Bus Boycott
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creates polio vaccine
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JFK vs. Nixon (JFK wins); JFK president 1960
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SCLC created by MLK, Jr.
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failed invasion of Cuba by U.S. (CIA) trained military
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divides East and West Berlin (East was communist)
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standoff b/n U.S. and USSR after Soviets placed missiles in Cuba pointed at the United States; no fighting incurs
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speech for civil rights
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launches “Great Society” program to end poverty and racism
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bans discrimination in education, employment, & public places
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broadens LBJ’s military powers in Vietnam – no declare war
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bans literacy tests for voting
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blamed whites for African American problems; assassinated
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police must read suspects their rights
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first black justice of the Supreme Court
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turning point of U.S. in Vietnam
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