-
Birth of Probation. John Augustus, the "Father of Probation," is recognized as the first true probation officer. https://www.smcgov.org/probation/history-probation#:~:text=Birth%20of%20Probation&text=John%20Augustus%2C%20the%20%22Father%20of,a%20successful%20boot%2Dmaking%20business. -
The first probation law in the United States was enacted by the Massachusetts legislature on April 26, 1878, but it was not until March 4, 1925, when the first statute providing for federal probation officers was signed by President Coolidge.
https://www.history.njd.uscourts.gov/history/us_probation_office -
The Eighteenth Amendment was passed by congress—which illegalized the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol—was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1917. who created it was Wayne Wheeler
https://www.britannica.com/event/Prohibition-United-States-history-1920-1933 -
In 1919 the amendment was ratified by the three-quarters of the nation's states required to make it constitutional.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eighteenth-Amendment -
Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933. Prohibitionists first attempted to end the trade in alcoholic drinks during the 19th century.
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/1920s-america/a/prohibition -
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression between 1929 and 1939 that began after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagion began around September 4, 1929, and became known worldwide on Black Tuesday, the stock market crash of October 29,
-
Lasting almost 10 years (from late 1929 until about 1939) and affecting nearly every country in the world, it was marked by steep declines in industrial production and in prices (deflation), mass unemployment, banking panics, and sharp increases in rates of poverty and homelessness.
https://www.britannica.com/story/causes-of-the-great-depression#:~:text=Lasting%20almost%2010%20years%20(from,rates%20of%20poverty%20and%20homelessness. -
It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. Over the next several years, consumer spending and investment dropped, causing steep declines in industrial output and employment as failing companies laid off workers.
https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/great-depression-history#:~:text=It%20began%20after%20the%20stock,failing%20companies%20laid%20off%20workers. -
President Hoover still signed it into law in 1930. The law raised U.S. tariffs by an average of 16 percent, in an effort to shield American factories from competition with foreign countries' lower-priced goods.
https://www.history.com/news/great-depression-causes#:~:text=But%20after%20the%20Wall%20Street%20Crash%20weakened%20the%20economy%2C%20President,countries'%20lower%2Dpriced%20goods. -
Congress creates the National Parole Board and amends the Probation Act to give officers the responsibility to supervise federal parolees.
https://www.smcgov.org/probation/history-probation -
Economic depression coupled with extended drought, unusually high temperatures, poor agricultural practices and the resulting wind erosion all contributed to making the Dust Bowl. The seeds of the Dust Bowl may have been sowed during the early 1920s
https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/dust-bowl-cause.htm#:~:text=Economic%20depression%20coupled%20with%20extended,sowed%20during%20the%20early%201920s. -
Although it technically refers to the western third of Kansas, southeastern Colorado, the Oklahoma Panhandle, the northern two-thirds of the Texas Panhandle, and northeastern New Mexico, the Dust Bowl has come to symbolize the hardships of the entire nation during the 1930s.
https://drought.unl.edu/dustbowl/#:~:text=Although%20it%20technically%20refers%20to,entire%20nation%20during%20the%201930s. -
The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent the aeolian processes caused the phenomenon
https://www.britannica.com/place/Dust-Bowl -
Severe drought hits the Midwestern and Southern Plains. As the crops die, the “black blizzards” begin. Dust from the over-plowed and over-grazed land begins to blow.
-
On December 5, 1933, the 21st Amendment was ratified, as announced in this proclamation from President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment of January 16, 1919, ending the increasingly unpopular nationwide prohibition of alcohol. Read more about Prohibition and the 18th Amendment
https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/five-interesting-facts-about-prohibitions-end-in-1933#:~:text=On%20December%205%2C%201933%2C%20three,the%2021st%20Amendment%20into%20place. -
The first issue of the scholarly journal Federal Probation is published.
https://www.uscourts.gov/statistics-reports/publications/federal-probation-journal -
In the fall, the rain comes, finally bringing an end to the drought. During the next few years, with the coming of World War II, the country is pulled out of the Depression and the plains once again become golden with wheat.
-
Mobilizing the economy for world war finally cured the depression. Millions of men and women joined the armed forces, and even larger numbers went to work in well-paying defense jobs. World War Two affected the world and the United States profoundly; it continues to influence us even today.
https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/great-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945/overview/ -
The American Civil Rights Movement was a political movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish institutional racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement throughout the United States.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement -
The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War -
women's rights movement, also called women's liberation movement, diverse social movement, largely based in the United States, that in the 1960s and '70s sought equal rights and opportunities and greater personal freedom for women. It coincided with and is recognized as part of the “second wave” of feminism.
https://www.britannica.com/event/womens-movement -
The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis of 1962, the Caribbean Crisis, or the Missile Scare, was a 35-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, which escalated
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis -
The Judicial Conference of the United States forms a permanent committee—the Committee on the Administration of the Probation System—expressly to address probation system issueshttps://www.smcgov.org/probation/history-probation
-
The student movement arose at the University of California at Berkeley in 1964, when students involved in civil rights activism chafed at the university's sudden attempt to prevent them from organizing politically on campus.
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/1960s-america/a/the-student-movement-and-the-antiwar-movement#:~:text=The%20student%20movement%20arose%20at,from%20organizing%20politically%20on%20campus. -
The small antiwar movement grew into an unstoppable force, pressuring American leaders to reconsider its commitment. Peace movement leaders opposed the war on moral and economic grounds. The North Vietnamese, they argued, were fighting a patriotic war to rid themselves of foreign aggressors.
https://www.ushistory.org/us/55d.asp -
gay rights movement, also called homosexual rights movement or gay liberation movement, civil rights movement that advocates equal rights for gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgender persons; seeks to eliminate sodomy laws barring homosexual acts between consenting adults; and calls for an end to discrimination ...
https://www.britannica.com/topic/gay-rights-movement -
Congress approved the 25th Amendment on July 6, 1965. The states completed ratification by February 10, 1967, and President Lyndon Johnson certified the amendment on February 23, 1967. The first use of the 25th Amendment occurred in 1973 when President Richard Nixon nominated Congressman Gerald R.
https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/exhibits/amendment25/25thamendment.asp#:~:text=Congress%20approved%20the%2025th%20Amendment,Nixon%20nominated%20Congressman%20Gerald%20R. -
It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the civil rights movement on August 6, 1965, and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965#:~:text=It%20was%20signed%20into%20law,times%20to%20expand%20its%20protections. -
In the 1960s and 1970s, the environmental movement focused its attention on pollution and successfully pressured Congress to pass measures to promote cleaner air and water. In the late 1970s, the movement increasingly addressed environmental threats created by the disposal of toxic waste.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/ecology-and-environmentalism/environmental-studies/environmental-movement -
President Ronald Reagan signs the Pretrial Services Act, which authorizes the expansion of pretrial services to each district court.
https://www.smcgov.org/probation/history-probation