-
Politics: Election of 1828
(R) Herbert Hoover defeated (D) Alfred Smith. -
Religion: Fundamentalist
Opposing modernism and modernist thought, they taught that every word of the Bible was fundamentally true. -
Religion: Modernism
Influencing the role of women, scientific knowledge, and the Social Gospel movement, they supported Darwin's theory of evolution and modern-day science. -
1920's Economy: Impact of the Automobile
Replaced the railroad industry as the key promoter of economic growth. -
1920's African American Identity: United Negro Improvement Association
Founded by Marcus Garvey, it advocate Black pride. -
1920's African American Identity: Harlem Renaissance
Blacks faced discrimination in the North and South. Blacks migrated to Harlem, where it became famous for its concentration of Black actors, artists, musicians, and writers. -
Prohibition: 18th Amendment and Volstead Act
Was passed to save grain and to maintain a sober workplace; although, it didn't stop anyone from drinking it (bootleg alcohol). -
1920's African American Identity: The Jazz Age
Brought north by Black musicians, the jazz age became a symbol of the "new" and "modern" culture of the cities. -
Politics: Domestic Policy
Harding reduced the income tax, increased tariff rates under Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922, and established the Bureau of the Budget. -
1920's Culture: Women at home
Separation of labor between men and women continued, but washing devices eased women's jobs. -
1920's Culture: Divorce
Women's suffrage forced lawmakers to listen to feminists. Liberalized divorce laws resulted in 1 and 6 divorced marriages by 1930. -
1920's Culture: Education
The value of education in regards to economic opportunity increased. 25% of school-aged adults graduated from high school around this time. -
1920's Economy: Increased Productivity
Manufacturing processes and assembly lines were made faster thus increasing wealth and productivity. -
1920's Economy: Government Policy
Governments offered corporate tax cuts and didn't enforce antitrust laws. Led to unequal income and speculation in markets. -
1920's Economy: Farm Problems
Farmers were left in debt after the war. Chemical fertilizers and gasoline tractors did increase production, however. -
1920's Economy: Labor Economy
Unions and strike efforts failed. Capitalists practiced open shop and welfare capitalism. -
1920's Literature: The Literature of Alienation
Scorning religion as hypocritical and bitterly condemning the sacrifices of wartime as a fraud perpetuated by money interests were the two dominant themes at this time. -
1920's Literature: Sinclair Lewis
Wrote about the mindless conformity of middle-class American society in the age of affluence. -
1920's Literature: Ezra Pound
Defined the modern aesthetic that we see today in poetry. -
Politics: Business Doctrine
Transformed laissez-faire Republicans into Republicans who advocated the federal government to an extent. -
Politics: Election of 1920
(R) Warren G. Harding was elected president over (D) James Cox, although through compromise. -
1920's Culture: Revolution in morals
Men and women revolted against sexual taboos in the 1920s. Promiscuity increased. -
1920's Culture: Women in the Labor Force
Employed women lived in the cities, where they worked as clerks, nurses, teachers, and domestics, and they received lower wages than men. -
1920's African American Identity: W.E.B. Du Bois
Expressed Black nationalism and intellectualism but not back-to-Africa sentiment. -
Immigration: Quota Laws
Nativists convinced Congress to pass quota laws (1921 and 1924) to limit Asians and southern/eastern Europeans. Japanese were barred. -
Immigration: Case of Sacco and Vanzetti
Nativists committed two Italian immigrants of murder, which liberal Americans believed was due to their poor Italian heritage. They were eventually executed. -
Politics: Election of 1924
(R) Calvin Coolidge defeated (D) John Davis. Coolidge supported limited government and private businesses. -
1920's Literature: Ernest Hemingway
Wrote about the harshness of war and the time he spent overseas. -
1920's Literature: F. Scott Fitzgerald
Wrote The Great Gatsby, a book that captured a moral vacuity of postwar America, a society obsessed with wealth and status. -
1920's African American Identity: Poets and Musicians
Black poets like Langston Hughes and Claude McKay wrote about African-American heritage, while Black jazz musicians like Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong did the same thing. -
Stock Market Crash: Black Thursday and Black Tuesday
An unprecedented volume of selling took place on Wall Street that led to the plunge of stock prices. -
Stock Market Crash: Speculation
Buying on margin allowed people to borrow most of the cost of stock; this is one of the contributing factors of the crash. -
Herbert Hoover's Policies: Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Set tax increase ranging from 31% to 49% on foreign imports. -
Dust Bowl
Okie farmers traveled to California after poor farming practices and high winds blew away millions of tons of dried topsoil. -
Herbert Hoover's Policies: Debt Moratorium
Dawes Plan for collecting war debts could no longer continue, so Hoover proposed a suspension (moratorium) on the payment of international debts. Britain and Germany accepted (France didn't). -
Prohibition: 21st Amendment
Repealed the 18th Amendment. Passed to resolve criminal activity, growing public resentment, and economic problems caused by the Depression. -
New Deal Programs: Beer-Wine Revenue Act
Legalized the sale of beer and wine to raise needed tax money. -
Bank Holiday
Established a bank holiday on March 6, 1933, to restore confidence in solvent banks. -
New Deal Programs: Glass-Steagall Act
Increased regulation of banks and limited how banks could invest consumers' money. -
New Deal Programs: The Homeowners Loan Corporation
Provided refinancing of small homes to prevent foreclosures. -
New Deal Programs: The Farm Credit Administration
Provided low-interest farm loans and mortgages to prevent foreclosures on the property of indebted farmers. -
New Deal Programs: The Federal Emergency Relief Administration
Offered grants of federal money to states and local governments. -
New Deal Programs: The Public Works Administration
Allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works. -
New Deal Programs: The Civilian Conservation Corps
Employed young men on projects on federal lands. -
New Deal Programs: The Tennessee Valley Authority
Hired thousands of people to build dams, operate electric power plants, manufacture fertilizer, and control flooding and explosion in the Tennessee Valley. -
New Deal Programs: The Security and Exchange Commission
Regulated the stock market and placed limits on speculative practices. -
New Deal Programs: The Federal Housing Administration
Insured bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones. -
New Deal Programs: The Emergency Banking Relief Act
Authorized the government to examine the finances of banks closed during the bank holiday. -
New Deal Programs: Civil Works Administration
Hired laborers for temporary construction projects. -
New Deal Programs: Resettlement Administration
Provided loans to sharecroppers, tenants, and small farmers. -
Dust Bowl: Soil Conservation Service
Taught farmers to rotate crops, terrace fields, and plant trees to stop soil erosion and conserve water.
