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Unit 9
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White Primary abolished in GA
Used to keep blacks from voting after Civil War
Blacks guaranteed the right to vote in general elections, but the primary was the loophole
blacks banned from voting in primary elections in GA.
King v. Chapman - US Supreme Court ruled that white primary systems were unconstitutional.
Primary was the first time blacks had voted in a primary gaining the right to vote.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3507
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-7910 -
Integration of the Armed Forces
Harry Truman has been looking at the issue of segregation in the armed forces.
He was determined to end military segregation by Executive order.
Truman issued the order and it declared that there will be equality of treatment and opportunity to all soldiers no matter what race, color, religion, or origin they are.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman -
Brown vs. Board of Education
It was a landmark decision that declared state laws establishing seperate schools for black and white students unconstitutional.
It overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision of 1896 which allowed segregation.
Racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment. This paved the way for integration and the Civil Rights Movement.
http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/spring/brown-v-board-2.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Ed -
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Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a protest campaign that began in 1955.
It was intended to oppose the city's policiy of racial segregation.
Rosa Parks was a secretary for the Montgomery chapter of NAACP.
Parks was arrested because her bus driver segregated the blacks from the whites and Parks refused to move to her assigned seat. NIixon, the leader of NAACP, was planning to start a boycott and used her arrest to start the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Rosa Parks is now a pioneer of the civil rights mov. -
Change to GA's State Flag
A push to add the old Confederate flag to GA's flag began in 1955.
It was introduced by John Sammons Bell, Jefferson Lee Davis, and Willis Harden.
The new flag is controversal from the start, but changing the flag became and issue in the 1998 Governor's race.
It was changed in 2001, and changed again in 2004. http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2011/09/1965-impala-hell-project-part-12-next-stop-atlatnta/
got info from your flipchart -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine"
The Little Rock Nine was a group of African-American students that went to Little Rock Central High School.
The Little Rock Crisis, in which students weren't allowed to enter the racially segregated school, is considered the most important event in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.
http://sbmsteenpress.org/TP-yeswecan/5-lr9-green.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation event links
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Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL bombed
This temple was located on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, GA. It was commonly known as "The Temple" and was bombed in Oct. No one was injured but the explosion tore through half of the building.
This Congregaton was bombed because it was a Reform Jewish Temple and it did not fire any Negroes. General Gordon of the Confederate Underground said, "That is the last empty building in Atlanta that we will bomb. All nightclubs that refuse to fire they're Negro employees will also be blown up." -
Sibley Commission
Most state school systems refused to integrate.
!955, GA's General Assembly voted to cut off state sounding to schools that integrated.
Commission established to study the problem of school integration.
it was headed by John Sibley
interveiwed Georgians to find out how they felt about integration. most Georgians said they'd rather close the schools than integrate them.
commission reccomended that school systems be allowed to decide for themselves if they would follow federal law and integrate. -
Sibley Commission event links
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Integration of UGA event links
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Integration of The University of Georgia
Federal district court Judge W. A. Bootle ordered an admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of GA, ending 160 years of segregation at the school.
Legislation was passed many years earlier cutting off all state funds to any white institution that had a black student.
An angry mob formed at Hunter's dormitory and caused bad publicity for the university and state.
State officials condemned the rioters and repealed the laws barring state support of integrated schools. -
Freedom rides event links
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Freedom Rides
Freedom Riders set out to the deep south to defy Jim Crow Laws and call for change. The Riders transformed the Civil Rights Movement.
Riders traveled the south challenging segregation at interstate bus terminals
John Lewis was part of the Freedom Rides once he joined the SNCC (Student Nonviolent Cooridinating Comittee) along with Julian Bond, Fannie Lou Hamer, Bob Moses, Ella Baker, and Stokeley Carmichael.
The Freedom Rides were successful in the Upper South but were halted in the Deep South -
Albany Movement event links
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Albany Movement
The Mov. was a desegration coalition formed in Albany, GA. Local activists, the SNCC, and the NAACP were all involved in the movement. This Mov. was led by William G. Anderson.
Laurie Pirtchett used mass arrests to to subvert the campaign. He arrested all the protestors and sent them to county jails all over GA to keep his prisons from filling up.
People were protesting segregation by sitting in the whites only section of Albany, GA's bus station. -
Birmingham, AL protests
Movement created by the SCLC to bring attention to segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. Birmingham was one of the most racially divided cities in the US. The campaign pressured the gov't to change its discrimination laws in the city. The organizers were led by Martin Luther King, Jr. and they defied laws they considered unfair. Protests began as a boycott to pressure business leaders to provide employment to people of all races and end segregation. Hundreds of protestors were arrested or killed. -
Birmingham AL protests event links
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March on Washington DC
It was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in the US. It called for Civil and Economic Rights for African-Americans. Martin Luther King, Jr gave his "I have a dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. There were around 500,000 participants, and 75-80% were black while the rest were white or minorities. The march succeeded in passing the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. -
16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham bombed links
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16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham bombed
The explosion at the African-American church killed 4 girls and injured 22 others. The bombing was known as the turning point in the US 1960s Civil Rights Mov. and helped the passage of the Civil Rights Act.
The church was a meeting place for civil rights leaders such as King, Jr, Ralph Abernathy, and Fred Shuttlesworth. The SCLC and the CORE got involved to register African-Americans to vote in Birmingham. Because of this, members of the KKKs planted dynamite under the steps in the church. -
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
JFK was the 35th president who was killed at 12:30 p.m in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas. He was shot while in a presidental motorcade with his wife, Jecqueline, the gov. of TX, John Connally, and the latter's wife, Nellie. JFK was the last of the 4 presidents who were murdered. The Warren Commission said that Lee Oswald killed JFK and the Jack Ruby killed Oswald before he could stand trial. -
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Civil Rights Act passed
A legislation that outlawed major forms of discrimination against African-Americans and women, with racial segregation. It ended unequal voting requirements and segregation in public schools, workplaces, and facilities. The act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson who later signed the Voting Rights Act into law.
It gurantees all citizens equal protection of the laws under the 14th amendment and it protects voting rights under the 15th amendment. -
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Voting Rights Act passed
National legislation in the US that outlawed voting practices that had caused disenfranchisement of African-Americans in the US. The Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. It was renewed and amended by Congress 4x, and the most recent 25-year extension was signed by G.W.B. This Act supported the 15th amendment. It prohibits the state to deny the right of any citizen to vote based on their race or color. Congress wanted the Act to outlaw the need to pass literacy tests to be able to vote. -
Voting Rights Act passed
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Summerhill race riot event links
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Summerhill Race Riot
A 4 day riot with thousands of ppl occured in Summerhill neighborhood in ATL, GA. It started because a police shot a suspected car theif in the streets. The SNCC and its leader, Stokely Carmichael, were accused of inciting an incident of police brutality. There was 1 death and 20 injuries as a result of the riot. Mayor Ivan Allen, Jr went to the riot and helped the police and local black leaders restore order in the area. -
Martin Luther King, Jr assassinated
MLK was killed in the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee at the age of 39. James Earl Ray, a fugitive from the Missouri State Penitentiary, was arrested in London at Heathrow airport and charged with the crime. He was sentenced to 99 years in the Tennessee state penitentiary. He died in prison in 1998 (same year I was born!) at the age of 70.
http://www.writespirit.net/inspirational_talks/political/martin_luther_king_talks/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr. -
All GA schools integrated
All schools in GA slowly but surely began to integrate in 1961. It was started by the Brown vs. Board of Education which made racial segregation in schools unconstitutional. Schools started to integrate grade by grade in an attempt to stop the process of integration. A court rule of 1970 is was made all schools integrated after the Brown vs. Board.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-aftermath.html
