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Period: Apr 18, 1415 to Apr 18, 1460
Henry the Navigator
-Took a fleet of 200 Portuguese ships into the Mediterranean and seized the Barbary fortress of Cueta
-He was the Princ eof Portugal
-Founded his Institute at Sagres
-Never sailed on any of his expeditions and rarely left Portugal
-He sent fifteen expeditions to navigate south of the cape from 1424 to 1434 -
Period: Apr 21, 1483 to Apr 21, 1530
Babur
-He was the founder of the Mughal dynasty
-He defeated the Sultan at Panipat, captured Agra and Dehli, and established himself as Sultan
-Controlled an empire that extended from the Deccan to Turkestan
-Babur was succeeded by his son, Humayun -
Period: Apr 18, 1492 to Apr 18, 1504
Christopher Columbus
-On his first trip, Columbus led an expedition with three ships
-They landed on an island they called Guanahani, but Columbus later renamed it San Salvador
-He thought he had made it to Asia, and called this area the Indies, and called its inhabitants Indians
-They were looking for gold to take
-He also sailed to the island of Dominica , Trinidad, Venezuela, Mexico, Honduras and Panama -
Period: Apr 18, 1492 to Apr 18, 1524
Vasco da Gama
-He was a Portuguese explorer
-He led an expedition that opened the sea route to India by way of the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.
-they brought back spices
-The local ruler, the Zamorin, welcomed the Portuguese, who at first thought that the Indians, actually Hindus, were Christians -
Apr 25, 1492
Columbian Exchange
-It was an enormous widespread exchange of agricultural goods and communicable diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
-The first European import, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes on the Great Plains
-They also traded food like tomato sauce, potatoes, coffee, and sugarcane
-varieties of domesticated animals and infections diseases were both strikingly larger in the Old World than in the New -
Period: Apr 21, 1501 to
Safavid Empire
-It was an Islamic Empire was strong enough to challenge the Ottomans in the west and the Mughals in the east
-It covered all of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia
-It suppressed all religions except Shi'a
-The Empire declined when it became complacent and corrupt -
Period: Apr 18, 1504 to Apr 18, 1539
Hernan Cortes
-First he went to the island of Santo Domingo
-He became mayor of Santiago de Cuba and stayed there until 1518
-He became friends with the aztecs
-He took Montezuma hostage and asked for a huge ransom of gold and jewels -He was made governor and captain general of New Spain in 1523 -
Period: Apr 18, 1509 to Apr 18, 1535
Francisco Pizarro
-Joined many other explorers like, Alonzo de Ojeda, Alonzo de Ojeda, and Espinosa
-He explored of Panama to discover the Pacific Ocean, present Republic of Costa Rica, south of Panama, South of Columbia, and Peru
-Destroyed the Inca capital
-Founded Lima -
Period: Apr 20, 1517 to
Protestant Reformation
-It reformed the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church
-Ended the unity imposed by medieval Christianity
-Martin Luther posted 95 theses on the church door in the university town of Wittenberg
-Luther argued that the Bible, not the pope, was the central means to discern God’s word
-Lutherism was created -
Period: Apr 18, 1519 to Apr 18, 1522
Ferdinand Magellan
-Magellan was a Portuguese sea captain
-He was the first to sail around the world
-Dicovered how big the Pacific Ocean really is
-Studied Columbus's maps
-He was killed when he took part in a battle between rival Filipino groups on the island of Mactan -
Apr 25, 1519
Creaton of Colonies in the New World
-The Europeneanes colonized in America for the first time
-Colonized for religious freedom
-Found new crops and goods
-They also wanted expaned Europe -
Period: Apr 21, 1526 to
Mughal empire
-The Mughals were Muslims who ruled a country with a large Hindu majority
-It ruled most of India and Pakistan
-It had a Centralised government
-Persian language mixed with Arabic and Hindi to create Urdu
-They had a system of education that took account of pupils' needs and culture -
Period: Apr 20, 1550 to
Scientific Revolution
-It was a period of time in which there was a great change in scientific thoughts
-Galileo found that the Earth was not flat, but round
-Isaac Newton found that when the color white is passed through a prism, the light is turned into different colors
-The ideas led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting in Ancient Greece and continuing through the Middle Ages
-It was a time for finding scientific answers through expirements -
Period: Apr 22, 1582 to
Matteo Ricci
-He was an Italian Jesuit missionary who introduced Christianity to China
-He volunteered for missionary work overseas
-He was appointed director of Jesuit activities in China
-In Beijing he preached the Gospel, taught science to scholars, and translated Christian works into Chinese -
Period: to
Tokugawa Shogunate
-The Tokugawa Shogunate was a feudal military dictatorship in Japan
-It was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu
-Their religion was Buddhism and Shinto
-Its emperors were Go-Yōzei and Meiji
-Its Shoguns were Tokugawa Ieyasu and Yoshinobu
-It was abolished during the Meiji Restoration. -
Period: to
Galileo
-He was an Italian physicist and astronomer
-He built the telescope
-He found that the Moon was not smooth, but mountainous and pitted
-Believed in Copernicus' theory that Earth and all other planets revolve around the Sun
-He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1633 because he "was going against the church" with his work -
Period: to
Thirty Year War
-It was a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries.
-Its destructive campaigns and battles occurred over most of Europe
-It ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 -
Period: to
Qing Dynasty
-It was the final dynasty of the Chinese Empire
-It was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro
-The imperial rulers continued to strengthen the centralized system
-Under the corrupt ruling of the later rulers, various rebellions and uprisings broke out
-The Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen broke out and overthrew the Qing Dynasty -
Period: to
Enlightenment
-It was an intellectual movement
-The thinkers of the Enlightenment were committed to secular views based on reason or human understanding only
-Other philosophers advocated a philosophical rationalism deriving its methods from science and natural philosophy that would replace religion as the means of understanding nature and destiny of humanity -
Period: to
Triangle trade
-It was a route to recieve slaves
-The first route carried fish, lumber, and other goods from New England to the West Indies
-From the West Indies merchants carried the rum, along with guns, gunpowder, and tools to West Africa
-Here, they traded these items for slaves, they carried the slaves to the West Indies where they were sold
-The slaves were treated badly and lived in harsh conditions on the boat; some didnt make it. -
Period: to
Peter the Great
-He centralised government
-He modernised the army
-He created a navy and increased the subjugation and subjection of the peasants
-Challanged Golitsin and removed both Sophia and Golitsin from power and ruled as Russia’s sole leader -
Period: to
Catherine the Great
-She came to Russia at the invitation of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna as the bride of the heir to the throne, Peter Feodorovich
-She was christened into the Orthodox Church as Ekaterina Alexeevna
-She overthrew her husband Peter III
-She was crowned Empress of All Russia
-She undertook a wide range of internal political reforms, waged two successful wars against the Ottoman Empire and occupied vast territories on Russia's southern boundaries, eventually advancing the country's border to the Black -
Period: to
French-Indian War
-I was the final Colonial War
-The conflict occured out in Europe, India, and North America
-Europe, Sweden , Austria, and France were allied to bring down Frederick the Great, King of Prussia
-The English and the French battled for colonial domination in North America, the Caribbean, and in India
-The English did ultimately come to dominate the colonies -
Period: to
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
-Came into power when government was in debt
-Aimed to reinstate the parlements
-Believed he should always consult public opinion
-Convoked the Estates-General
-Was involved in the Seven-Years War
-Wished to expel British from India -
Period: to
American Revolution
-Was a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen British colonies on the North American continent
-The colonists overthrew British rule
-Revolutionaries seized control of each of the thirteen colonial governments, set up the Second Continental Congress, and formed a Continental Army
-They formally declared their independence as a new nation, the United States of America -
Decleration of the Rights of Man
-It was passed by the National Assembly
-It became the preamble to the Constitution of 1791
-It was a summary of the ideals and principles of the Revolution
-It justified the destruction of a government based upon absolutism and privilege, and the establishment of a new regime based upon the inalienable rights of individuals, liberty, and political equality -
Period: to
French Revolution
-It was a period of radical social and political uprising in French and European history
-It abolished and replaced the French monarchy with a radical democratic republic
-External threats also played a dominant role in the development of the Revolution
-It was caused by unhappy population of France -
Storming of the Bastille
-It occurred in Paris in the morning
-French peasants were in search of arms and ammunition to defend the Revolution against Royalist counter insurgents.
-The man and woman on the street becoming involved in the Revolution.
-Released peolple in prison
-Two days after the storming of the Bastille, the National Assembly ordered that this symbol of despotic power be burned to the ground -
Period: to
Haitian Revolution
-Transformed French Saint Domingue into an independent state run by former slaves and the descendants of slaves
-Hundreds of rebellions occurred in the New World during the centuries of slavery; St. Domingue Slave Revolt achieved permanent independence
-French against slaves -
Period: to
Napolean
-Took over Army of Italy
-Seized Egypt
-Made reforms in administration of the departments
-Made reforms in higher education
-Established Banque de France -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
-Settled issues from French Revolutionary War, Naploeanic Wars, and dissolution of Holy Roman Empire
-Established boundaries of France, Napolean's Duchy of Warsaw, and the Netherlands
-Came to be known as Concert of Europe
-Attempt to forge peaceful balance of power -
Waterloo
-Napoleon was defeated by combined armies.
-The defeat at Waterloo put an end to Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French
-It marked the end of his Hundred Days' return from exile
-Napolean delayed the battle to let ground dry, meanwhile the other armies were getting ready to attack.