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was recognized as one of the two main powers in Western Asia and Europe, alongside the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years
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is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as for its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems
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Constantinople was founded by the Roman emperor Constantine I on the site of an already-existing city, Byzantium,
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The Byzantine Empire existed for more than a thousand years (from approximately 306 AD to 1453 AD). During its existence, the Empire remained one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe,
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the Qur'an began with revelations on Muhammad's divine revelations
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While the Sunnis followed the companions of Muhammad, the Shias followed Ali. This dispute eventually led to the First Fitna, which was the first major civil war within the Islamic Caliphate
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it covered more than five million square miles, making it one of the largest empires the world had yet seen,[2] and the fifth largest contiguous empire ever to exist
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is the Islamic Ummayad Caliphate's conquest,
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It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created
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were a Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries
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The Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns, waged by much of Roman Catholic Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. Other campaigns in Spain and Eastern Europe continued into the 15th century
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He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, and Yemen.
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they were killed off by spanish conquistadors
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Mongol invasions progressed throughout the 13th century, resulting in the vast Mongol Empire which covered much of Asia and Eastern Europe by 1300.
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was the founder, Khan (ruler) and Khagan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
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a term used to cover five short-lived Islamic kingdoms or sultanates of Turkic origin in medieval India, which ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty
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Magna Carta was the first document forced onto an English King by a group of his subjects, the feudal barons, in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges
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The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers
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another civilization killed off by spain
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was a soldier of slave origin
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is a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.
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was the tenth mansa, which translates as "king of kings" or "emperor", of the Malian Empire.
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was a series of wars waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, also known as the House of Anjou, for the French throne, which had become vacant upon the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings
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From the early 15th to the late 16th century, Songhai was one of the largest Islamic empires in history
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was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming was the last dynasty in china ruled ethnic Hans.
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was a fourteenth-century conqueror of Western, South and Central Asia, founder of the Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty in Central Asia, and great great grandfather of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived until 1857 as the Mughal Empire in India
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his voyages were unprecedented in size and man power
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gutenburg invented the first printing press
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also known as Ivan the Great, was a Grand Prince of Moscow and "Grand Prince of all Rus" , he is referred to as the "gatherer of the Russian lands", he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history.
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The first Holy Roman Emperor is generally considered to have been Otto I, King of Germany, crowned in 962
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the empire ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes.
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is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization
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The Empire grew rich from the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt. This trade produced an increasing surplus, allowing for larger urban centres. It also encouraged territorial expansion to gain control over the lucrative trade routes.
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The state existed from approximately 880 to sometime in the middle of the 13th century when it disintegrated. It is considered that the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240 greatly contributed to its demise.
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was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe
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It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder, as well as first discernment of true north using a compass