-
Jamestown Founded
First permanent English settlement -
Plymouth/Pilgrims
Escaped religious perseuction -
Bacon's Rebellion
"In 1676, Bacon led a group of Virginia settlers in a rebellion against Virginia Governor William Berkeley and the wealthy planters and politicians known as the Tidewater Aristocrats. The rebellion against the governor and the aristocrats of Virginia came to be known as Bacon's Rebellion." -
NYC Slave Rebellion
-
Stono Rebellion
- September 9, 1739
- 20 black Carolinians meet near Stono River
- Took weapons, killed the 2 storekeepers Wanted to go down to Florida
-
Period: to
French and Indian War
-
George III became King
-
Treaty of Paris
End of French and Indian War -
Proclamation of 1763
end of the period of salutary neglect -
Sugar Act
-
Stamp Act
-
Townshend Acts
-
Steam Engine
-
Boston Massacre
-
Boston Tea Party
-
Intolerable Acts
-
Lexington and Concord
-
Period: to
American Revolutionary War
-
Declaration of Independence
-
Battle of Saratoga
Turning point because French helped the Americans afterwards -
Battle of Yorktown
final battle of Revolutionary War -
Treaty of Paris
When the Revolutionary War officially ended -
Shays' Rebellion
Daniel Shays - used to be captain of the Continental Army
Farmers were in debt
SHAYS' REBELLION demonstrated the high degree of internal conflict lurking beneath the surface of post-Revolutionary life. -
Philadelphia Convention
-
Hamilton's Financial Plan
- Tariffs on imported goods (to build an independent economy)
- National bank
- Negotiated with Jefferson
- Moved capital to Virginia
- Taxed liquor
-
French Revolution/Policy of Neutrality
The French Revolution broke out, which caused the people to wonder whether they should side with the French or not. They made an alliance with the French king, who got beheaded, but not all of them supported the violent and chaotic French Revolution. Washington set the precedent for neutrality by not taking sides due to their weak nation. -
Haitian Revolution
The most successful slave uprising, killed all the oppressors, become a republic -
Bill of Rights
1:freedom of speech, religion, press, expression
2:right to bear arms
3:no quartering of soldiers
4:no unreasonable search and seizure
5:due process, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination, innocent until proven guilty
6:speedy and public trial, impartial jury, accused can confront witness, access to lawyer
7:trial by jury, speedy civil trial
8:no excessive bail; cruel/unusual punishments
9:Protection of rights not mentioned
10:power not given to federal gov. belongs to states or people -
St. Clair's Defeat/Battle of Wabash
- Worst and most decisive defeat by Native Americans - Killed around 600 soldiers - 7 tribes came together to fight, lead by Chief Little Turtle - Fought in the Northwest Territory -
Fugitive Slave Act
-
Eli Whitney invents cotton gin
-
Battle of Fallen Timbers
- General Anthony Wayne was told by Washington to train troops for months - Crushed the native Americans Forced them to sign treaty to give up their lands -
Jay Treaty
Pro
-British removed troops from frontier
-British compensated for cargo taken
-Trade with Great Britain was essential to economy
-Avoided war with England
Cons
-America must accept British economic and naval superiority
-had a neocolonial status in Britain
-Didn't address the slave issue
-People were so against it; burned effigies and protested
-Divided his cabinet
-France said it was a violation of their agreement
Precedent
-Refused to give all docs, was a violation of the separation of powers -
Whiskey Rebellion
Pros:
- They did negotiate
- It helped the economy a lot
- Washington showed his power and that they can't break the law, only protest against it
- He pardoned the men anyway, showing that he wasn't a tyrant
Cons:
- Provided a big split in political parties, Washington had to mediate
- Farmers did need the whiskey for their career, only merchants really benefitted
- Sent a lot of troops, military power abuse?
- South didn't want to pay off the North's debts -
11th Amendment
-
Washington's Farewell Address
Washington resigned in 1796 after 2 terms, setting the precedent of a maximum of 2 terms. His farewell address was co-written by Hamilton and Madison. Washington spoke of neutrality, unity, and righteousness. -
XYZ Affair
-
Alien and Sedition Acts
-
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
-
Gabriel Prosser/Gabriel's Rebellion
he got delayed because of the weather, someone told, and they were executed -
Louisiana Purchase
-
Marbury v. Madison
Court case in which the principle of judicial review was established and the Supreme Court reinstated their supreme interpretation of the Constitution by putting President Jackson back in his place. -
Period: to
Louis and Clark Expeditions
-
Slave Trade ended
Declaration by Britain that ended its slave trade, it also encouraged other European nations to end theirs, slavery itself was abolished 26 six years later -
Battle of Tippecanoe
Battle fought between the forces of William Harrison and the Shawnee of prophetstown over the expansion into native territory -
David Walker's Appeal
kill the oppressors -
US declares war on Great Britian
War of 1812, June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815 (2 years and 8 months), between British North America and United States, related to Napoleon in Europe -
Period: to
War of 1812
-
British burn Washington DC
-
Battle of New Orleans
Final battle of the War of 1812 Dec 23, 1814 to Jan 8, 1815 -
Missouri Compromise
-
Missouri Compromise
• 11 slave and free states
○ The Missouri Compromise
§ Missouri wanted to be a slave state
§ Maine was added as a free state
§ The Missouri Compromise line
• States were added in pairs -
Monroe Doctrine
-
Erie Canal opens
-
Indian Removal Act was passed
-
McCormick Reaper was invented
-
Nat Turner's Rebellion
-
Jackson vetoes the Bank of the U.S.
-
Nullification Crisis
-
Whig Party forms
-
Texas becomes the Lone Star Republic
-
Battle of the Alamo
-
Steel plow invented
-
Telegraph invented
-
The Amistad
enslaved Africans on The Amistad rise up, take over the ship, end up in Connecticut; Supreme Court case rules in their favor and frees them -
Webser-Ashburton Treaty
Treaty that settled land disputes between British North America and the United States; included things like agreeing to share use of Great Lakes and confirming boarders made in the Treaty of Paris -
Annexation of Texas
-
Zachary Taylor crosses the Nueces River
• July 1845, General Zachary Taylor (future president) crossed Nueces River with 4,000 troops ○ He was to advance troops to Rio Grande River ○ Mexicans thought Americans invaded their territory Polk wanted this to start conflict and war -
U.S. declares war on Mexico
-
Wilmot Proviso
○ David Wilmot from Pennsylvania ○ Said that there should be no slavery in Mexican Cession territory ○ It would only cause more conflict and war ○ Wasn't passed because of the Southern politicians -
Mexican American War
The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) marked the first U.S. armed conflict chiefly fought on foreign soil. It pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K.
The underlying cause of the Mexican War was the movement of American pioneers into lands claimed by Mexico. The immediate reason for the conflict was the annexation of Texas in 1845. -
Start of Gold Rush
-
Seneca Falls Convention
• Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 demanded women's suffrage for the first time -
Compromise of 1850
1) A new, stricter Fugitive Slave Law
2) Admission of California as a free state
3) Popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah territories
4) A ban on slave trading in Washington, DC -
Christiana Riot
○ Very alarming in terms of the crisis
○ Edward Gorsuch hears that his escaped slave is in Pennsylvania with other escaped slaves
○ Quakers are allowing that
○ He goes up there to retrieve slaves
○ Quakers and fugitives kill the Edward and the others flee
§ Law's not being enforced
§ Trial for treason -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
○ Established some tropes
○ Queen Victoria cried over this
○ Made people care about the individual lives of slaves -
Commodore Matthew Perry opened Japan forcefully
-
Period: to
Bloody Kansas
-
John Brown Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas
• May 21, Brown and Pottawatomie Company went to Lawrence to protect it
○ They were too late
○ Free State Hotel, free state newspapers, homes/businesses were destroyed/looted
○ Abolitionists with John Brown vs. proslavery Kansas settlers
○ Five proslavery people died
○ Massacre of proslavery settlers -
Charles Sumner "The Crime against Kansas" and Sumner-Brooks Conflict
-
Dred Scott Decision
○ Enslaved man was brought to a free state by his master
○ Slave argues he's free, but Supreme Court says he's not
○ Says that slaves don't have any rights
○ Black people can't be citizens
○ Abolitionists go wild -
Frank Leslie exposed Swill Milk Scandal
○ Poisoned infants with Whiskey Runoff
○ Fed the cows mash from distilleries leftover
§ Whitened with plaster, thickened with starch and eggs, and hued with molasses
§ Extraction of alcohol
○ Women of lower and middle class
§ They had to wean off their babies faster because of work
§ Politeness, breastfeeding wasn't very efficient
○ Impurities from the animal's body passed off with the milk
§ Cows only ate the swill after they were starving
§ Sick cows, their tails fell off, etc. -
Harper's Ferry
John brown invades a federal arsenal with around 20 followers to form an uprising: Harpers Ferry
§ Wanted to create a new republic in the Appalachian Mountains
§ He would be the president
§ Fails, captured, tried, and killed
§ He said he's not crazy and did it on purpose, sort of bad for abolitionists -
Lincoln's Cooper Union Speech
Attempted to distance Republican party from Brown
○ Basically, we're not trying to take away slavery, just want to prevent it from spreading
○ South doesn't believe it -
South Carolina secedes
○ Vote of 169-0
○ Left the union -
Ft. Sumter
Confederates fired at Ft. Sumter and began the war -
First Battle of Bull Run
○ 1st Bull Run, VA
○ First land battle of the war, Union forces fled, morale boost for CSA
§ Took advantage of the technology they left behind
○ People realized it was going to be a long war
§ Some people were excited
○ There was a watch party/picnickers, they were naïve/naïveté
§ Photographs of people in Washington decided to have a picnic there
Some representatives got captured -
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede
They secede from the Union by this date -
Battle of Antietam
○ bloodiest day in US history, EP issued after
○ Had 87,164 men, confederates had 38,000
○ Union: 12,410 killed/wounded/captured/missing
○ Confederates: 10,316 killed/wounded/captured/missing -
Battle of Gettysberg
○ 3-day battle in PA, high water mark of CSA
○ Turning point -
Vicksburg falls to Grant
○ South no longer had control of the Mississippi River -
Emancipation Proclamation went into effect
○ Moral high ground for USA
○ African Americans free themselves and around 180,000 join the US army
○ Helps them win -
Draft Riots
○ Drafts in New York
○ Lynched a bunch of black people
○ Burned down asylums and orphanages
○ Poor white people in the North are forced to fight to free the slaves
§ after the Emancipation Proclamation
§ they'll have to compete with slaves later
§ Rich people could buy a substitute
§ It's expensive ($200 but around $4,000 in their time), Lincoln bought a substitute for his own son
○ Turned into a race riot -
Gettysburg Address
Consecrated battlefield, honored soldiers -
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
○ Lincoln's 10% plan - lenient policy, technically Confederate states never left the union, only individuals, not states, rebelled
§ They pardon all of the Confederates except Confederate officials and people who committed crimes against prisoners of war
§ Confederates must take oath of allegiance
§ Only 10% of those on 1860 voting lists needed to take its oath and a Confederate state could return -
Wounded Knee Massacre
Last Native American resistance -
Period: to
Reconstruction
-
Bread Riot
• Inflation in the south
○ No trade, no supplies coming in because of blockade
○ Merchants wouldn't use CSA money, only gold and silver
○ Inflation rose over 9,000%
○ Women demanded lower prices
○ Davis threw all the money he had on him and told them to go home -
Period: to
Sherman's March to the sea
§ Cut the Confederacy in two
§ They burned and destroyed during the march, called Total War
§ Tried to break morale
§ War crimes? Impact on the home front -
Richmond captured and R. E. Lee surrenders
end of Civil War -
Johnson announced Presidential Reconstruction
§ Each remaining Confederate state had to meet conditions
1. Withdraw secession
2. Swear allegiance to the Union
3. Annul Confederate war debts
4. Ratify the 13th Amendment
§ Johnson wanted to prevent high ranking Confederates from taking the oath for voting privileges
§ Radicals were upset that there was no rights for former slaves like land, voting rights, and protection under law -
Freedmen's Bureau
§ Assisted former slaves and poor white by distributing food and clothes, setting up hospitals, schools, and training centers for teachers
§ vetoed then overrode -
Civil Rights Act of 1866
○ Gave African Americans citizenship and didn't allow states to pass black codes that severely restricted their lives
§ Black codes enacted in South Carolina and Mississippi in 1865
§ Prevented carrying weapons, serving on juries, testifying against whites, marrying whites, travelling without permits
§ Used violence to keep them "in place" -
Reconstruction Act of 1867
○ Didn't recognize state governments except Tennessee (ratified 14th Amendment)
○ Divided Con states into 5 military districts, led by a Union generals
○ Voters in districts (including African Americans) elected delegates for new state constitution
○ State has to ratify 14th Amendment
○ Johnson vetoed, Congress overrode -
Johnson Impeached
○ March 1867: Tenure of Office Act, president can't remove officers during the term of president who appointed them without Senate's consent
○ Johnson thought it was unconstitutional and fired Edwin Stanton
§ Rads brought 11 charges of impeachment
He was found not guilty, one vote short of the 2/3 majority -
14th Amendment approved
• 1867: approved 14th Amendment
• 14th Amendment - citizenship and equal protection under the law
○ Reduction of state's reps if suffrage of African Americans was denied
○ Ex-confederates couldn't hold state of national office -
Purchase of Alaska
○ People thought it wasn't worth 7.2 million dollars
○ Called Seward's Folly or Seward's Icebox
○ Senate saw potential in the natural resources and approved
○ House stalled the purchase for over a year -
Transcontinental Railroad completed
- Ties together the east and the west coast, rapid communication
- Stock market, market trading, and investment occurs
- Part of the rush is because of Civil War, didn't want to lose the West
- Competition between Union and Central Pacific Railroad to gain most land from the government
- Troops could also transport quickly
-
15th Amendment Ratified
§ States cannot keep people from voting because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
§ Ratified by states in 1870, but some Southern governments refused to follow and used violence to stop them
§ Congress passed Enforcement Act of 1870 to stop this -
Treaty of Washington
○ Britain agreed to pay $15.5 million as compensation for ruining 64 merchant ships -
Crédit Mobilier Scandal
-
Issued order to force Native Americans onto reservations
Original date issued by the United States government ordering all Native Americans onto a system of reservations throughout the western lands of the United States. Although the date would be extended by President Grant, this issue would lead to the Great Sioux War of 1876. -
Progress and Poverty book
- Henry George
- suggested profits from land sales should have a tax rate of 100%
-
Chinese Exclusion Act
○ Similar legislation to keep Japanese people out too in the early 1900s -
Haymarket Riot and Bombing
The Haymarket riot and bombing occurs in Chicago, Illinois, three days after the start of a general strike in the United States that pushed for an eight hour workday. This act would be followed by additional labor battles for that worker right favored by unions. Later this year, on December 8, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed by twenty-five craft unions. -
Looking Backward book
Edward Bellamy
○ Protagonist wakes up in the year 2000, learns hardship of Gilded Age is gone because of activist, socialist gov -
Johnstown Flood
○ Built a dam to create a lake for fishing and hunting
§ Dam was built poorly, didn't care
○ dam failed, a tidal wave in Pennsylvania
○ 2,200 dead
○ Shattered 1500+ businesses + homes
○ 1/3 of corpses were never identified
○ Had to rebuild train lines before resources could reach them
○ Red Cross and Clara Barton helped survivors for 5 months
§ major disaster relief agency
○ Rich guys tried to avoid responsibility, Social Darwinism
○ No lawsuits because the rich people controlled the courts -
Tariff Act of 1890
§ Hiked import duties up to nearly 50%
§ Raised consumer prices
§ Sparked political rebellion -
McKinley Tariff
○ Americans got a foothold in Hawaii because of Sugar Trade
§ McKinley Tariff raised import rates on foreign sugar in 1890
§ Hawaiian sugar planters were being undersold, fell into a depression, so the white American sugar growers wanted Hawaii to be annexed
○ Queen Liliuokalani thought that foreign interference is the root of their problems -
Sherman Antitrust Act
Restriction of trade was illegal -
Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases/Ida B. Wells
- Journalist and suffragist
- Anti-lynching activism
- There are others who don't like to think about it, but it was horrific and very much existing
- Systematic disenfranchisement of Southern blacks and poor whites
- One of the founders of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909
-
Panic of 1893
○ economic crash and depression
○ Fears about worker's revolution, close call
○ Elements of socialism and anarchy
○ Capitalists manage to survive
○ worst economic downturn in American History
○ President Grover Cleveland had to borrow $65 million in gold from financiers
§ Needed it to keep government afloat
§ Highlighted corporate power in American society -
Turner's Thesis
- Westward Expansion stopped, but the frontier was the future - Was told at an exposition for new technologies- Population has spread, the frontier was closed
- Said that frontier was what made them special
- Without it, they weren't great anymore :((
- Suggested new frontiers internationally
- Safety valve theory
- Problem children go out to frontier to let off steam
- Population has spread, the frontier was closed
-
U.S. Marines intervention in Hawaii
The US Marines, under the direction of U.S. minister John L. Stevens, but no authority from Congress, intervene in the affairs of the independent Kingdom of Hawaii, which resulted in the overthrow of the government of Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani.
- Why? It's right in the middle of the Pacific, helps trade with Asia as a refueling/coaling station
- Sugar + tariffs, Hawaii was an independent kingdom and had to pay more to ship sugar
- Didn't like that, so Marines took over it for cheaper sugar -
New York Stock Exchange collapses
The New York Stock Exchange collapses, starting the financial panic of 1893. It would lead to a four year period of depression. -
Pullman Palace Car Company strike
A wildcat strike of three thousand Pullman Palace Car Company factory workers occurs in Illinois.
^^ result of the panic -
Sedation of rebels in Cuba
○ General Valeriano Weyler to sedate rebels
○ Anyone who supported independence was sent to concentration camps
§ Led to over 200,000 to died of disease/malnutrition
○ News reached mainland through yellow journalists like Hearst and Pulitzer
○ Americans were appalled -
Plessy versus Ferguson
decision by the Supreme Court states that racial segregation is approved under the "separate but equal" doctrine -
Gold discovered in Canada
Gold is discovered by Skookum Jim Mason, George Carmack and Dawson Charlie near Dawson, Canada, setting up the Klondike Gold Rush which would cause a boom in travel and gold fever from Seattle to prospector sites surrounding Skagway, Alaska. -
Spanish American Cuban Filipino War
○ U.S. becomes an imperial power, also anti-imperialists
○ Imperialists (including Theodore Roosevelt) win and take the places as colonies
○ Some say the U.S. did it on purpose to quell worker's revolution to forget internal problems -
Dupuy de Lôme Letters
○ Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish minister to the U.S. wrote an insulting letter to President McKinley
○ Letter was stolen and found by Hearst who published it on February 9
○ After public outcry, minister was recalled to Spain and Spanish government apologized
§ Short-lived peace -
Sinking of the Maine
The rallying cry, "Remember the Maine" is struck when the United States battleship Maine explodes and sinks under unknown causes in Havana Harbor, Cuba, killing two hundred and sixteen seamen. The sentiment becomes a rallying point during the coming Spanish-American War.
○ Evening of February 15th, explosion on hull of American battleship Maine in Havana Harbor
§ Assumed it was because of Spanish treachery
○ No conclusive result -
Manila Bay
• Before Panama Canal, each nation required 2 ocean navy, for Pacific and Atlantic
• Most of Spain's Pacific fleet was located in Manila Bay, in Spanish Philippines
○ Admiral George Dewey descended under orders from Theodore Roosevelt (Asst. Secretary of Navy)
○ Gave orders to attack on May 1, 1898
○ One of the greatest success stories
• Spain = wooden, U.S. = steel, steel>wooden
• Spanish squadron was a disaster
○ One American casualty from sunstroke -
Annexation of Hawaii
-
Treaty of Paris/end of Spanish-American War
The Peace Treaty ending the Spanish-American War is signed in Paris. The Spanish government agrees to grant independence to Cuba and cede Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States.
○ U.S. got Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico
○ Cuba became independent
○ Spain got $20 million for losses
• Treaty created a huge debate
○ Anti-imperialists: U.S. is hypocritical for criticizing Imperialist European powers while aspiring to be an empire -
The Theory of the Leisure Class
Thorstein Veblen
○ Talked about conspicuous consumption
○ Wealthy families used money on works of art and fountains of champagne
○ Resources could be put to better use -
Period: to
Philippine War
§ Concentration camps, torturing, executing, rape § Racially motivated, anti-imperialist sentiment back home ○ Some improvements, but usually civilians were cast aside for the wealthy -
Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy with China is declared by Secretary of State John Hay and the U.S. government in an attempt to open international markets and retain the integrity of China as a nation.
• Open Door Notes: asked other nations to agree to free trade in China
○ Britain agreed, other powers declined, Hay lied and said they accepted
○ Other powers had to stay silent -
Boxer Rebellion
• foreign occupation = disaster
○ Chinese nationalists called Fists of Righteous Harmony attacked Western property
○ Boxers wreaked havoc until stopped
§ Boxer Rebellion
China had to pay an indemnity of $330 million -
Foraker Act
○ Puerto Rico became insular territory, people were citizens of PR, PR can't be a state
○ Now it's a commonwealth, no control in colonies -
Platt Amendment
○ Cuba couldn't enter any treaties that might endanger their independence
○ Couldn't have a large debt or else U.S. troops would restore
○ U.S. was granted a lease at Guantanamo Bay
• Cuba became a legal protectorate of U.S. -
The Octopus
Frank Norris
- Exposed railroads as monopolies that taking advantage Californians
- Railroad monopolies in the northwest were broken up after Northern Securities v. US (1904) -
Tweed Days in St. Louis
Lincoln Steffens
○ Exposed city officials working with businessmen for power
○ Corruption of the public treasury
○ Published The Shame of the Cities as a collection of his articles
○ Public demanded reform -
Newlands Reclamation Act
○ Encouraged developers and homesteaders to live in land that was useless without irrigation
○ Cheap price if buyer took cost of irrigation and lived on land for >5 years
○ Used this to irrigate additional lands -
Roosevelt Corollary
• Roosevelt added a corollary, Roosevelt Corollary
○ Monroe Doctrine blocked European expansion into Western Hemisphere
○ Corollary said if any Latin American nation engaged in chronic wrongdoing, U.S. army will intervene
§ Europe had to remain on their hemisphere
• First chance to enforce this policy was in 1905 when Dominican Republic was in jeopardy of invasion by debt
U.S. invaded Dominican Republic as a protectorate until situation was stabilized -
History of the Standard Oil Company book
Ida Tarbell
Talked about merciless business practices of John Rockefeller -
The Bitter Cry of the Children
John Spargo
○ Exposed child labor practices -
The Jungle
• Upton Sinclair
○ Exposed Chicago meatpacking industry
○ Workers lost fingers and nails b/c of acids
- Lost limbs, diseases, worked for hours in cold and limited space
• Americans responded b/c...
• Contents of the products were being exposed to the public
○ Spoiled meat covered with chemicals
○ Skin, hair, stomach, ears, and nose were ground up and packaged as head cheese
○ Rats climbed over meat
• President Roosevelt acted
○ passed Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act -
The Treason of the Senate
David Phillips
○ 75 senators and big business interests -
Gentleman's Agreement of 1907
Stop of segregated education to end Japanese immigration -
19th Amendment ratified
Granted Women's suffrage -
Hawaii becomes a state