-
In Ancient Egypt, Imhotep physician, first written description of the brain. Having control over body, first documentation of surgery.
-
Studied visual perception. Realized eye was sensitive to light coming into it.
-
The first philosopher. His ideas caused the break between philosophy and religion. Underlying behavior, explaining natural phenomena and not Gods. The physics is that everything comes from water.
-
Introduced mathematical thinking. Relationships between phenomena. Rationalism- believed natural phenomena followed patterns and laws. Thought everything was connected someway somehow.
-
Encouraged people to question what they believe. He believed that you have to question everything. Socratic method- Why you believe what you believe. This belief got him sentenced to death from disturbing the youth, and making them question what they believe in.
-
Focused on Thales. Believed everything could be subdivided from the smallest atom and everything comes from it. Believes behavior is a small complex molecule.
-
First to notice the importance of the physical body. Recognized the importance of physical well-being to behavior. Four humors: Blood, phlem, yellow bile, and black bile (chemical imbalances).
-
Student of Socrates. Reinforced ideas of subjectivity of reality. Allegory of the cave- limited perspective, explore further and ask questions. Become aware of different ways to observe the world
-
Student of Plato. First scientist in Greece, emphasized Empiricism- test theories in controlled settings. Had theories on memory.
-
Agreed with tradition and natural causes. Says observation is not enough. Believed seeing is not believing, and thought that senses were unreliable.
-
Medicine and surgery. Studied the mind, and was the first philosopher to have innate self-awareness and thoughtfulness.
-
Humanistic psychology- Focused on studying individual desires, and understanding individual abilities. Anti-scientific dogma- opposed to any broad rules of human behavior to order and science.
-
Brain Anatomist and Phrenologist. Careful dissections, first to document that there are hemispheres that connected by white matter bundles.
-
First to document the discovery of the cerebral spinal fluid inside the brain. He called it animal spirits, and made first description of a reflex.
-
Increase in available technology that allowed him to make more specific cuts and could make more atomic observations. First documentation of of white vs. gray matter.
-
Was not satisfied with innate consciousness. He said that the contents of the mind are completely built from sensory experiences.
-
Emphasized the role of an active mind in creating the phenomenal world.
-
Law of specific nerve energies: Individuals sensory neurons only conveyed information relevant to that sensory system.
-
Ablation studies- First evidence suggested cortex + brain worked together as a whole. Intended damage to see what happens. Unified organ vs. Localized divided organs.
-
Found that language was located in the left frontal lobe.
-
Broca's area. Broca's aphasia- Lack of words. Located in the frontal lobe in the left.
-
Hysteria- condition characterized by range of physical and mental symptoms with no cause.
-
The founding father of psychology as a science. Studied sensation and perception.
-
Famous for brain electrical stimulation studies. Primary motor cortex- when electricity stimulate, dog moved limbs.
-
Found different areas of localized function within the brain. Found primary somatosensory cortex.
-
Founder of behavioral psychology. Emotional conditioning- believed that all human emotional experiences were the result of classical conditioning.
-
Wernicke's area- speech and language comprehension.
-
Investigated learning and memory. Showed that Wundt was wrong. Changed the way of association or learning is studied.
-
Oedipus Comlex. Psycho-sexual stages of development, behavior being because a child missed an important stage of their childhood.
-
Individual Psychology, intelligence testing, Studied the differences between each individual.
-
Structuralism- His system of psych. Believed the key of the conscious mind was to understand the individual "structures" that made it up.
-
The four developmental stages: sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational stage, Concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.
-
"Little Albert Studies" with Watson
-
Invented the operant chamber and studied operant conditioning.
-
Depth perception- the brain's ability to build 3D perceptions from 2D images coming from each eye.
-
"The cognition project" showed how a variety of "nonobjective" factors influenced perception.
-
Developed a more "mentallistic" theory of language learning. First to say that behaviorism, conditioning could not explain the nature of language learning.
