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Henry VIII (1491-1547). He started his reign in 1509 until his death. -
Henry VIII proclaimed himself supreme head of the Church of England, marking the break with Rome and the beginning of the English Reformation.
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The English Reformation took place when the Church of England broke away first from the Catholic Church headed by the authority of the Pope and bishops over the King, and then from some doctrines and practices of the Catholic Church. The Protestant Church of England was thus established and the English monarch became its supreme head. Some consequences included the dissolution of the monasteries, the abolition of the Mass, the use of the English language in services and in the Bible.
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Henry VIII closes Catholic monasteries in England
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Mary I, also known as Mary Tudor and "Bloody Mary" was born 1516 and died in 1558. She is the daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife: Catherine of Aragon. She became Queen of England and Ireland in 1553 and reigned until her death. -
Mary I married Philip II, King of Spain, which led to religious and political tensions Influenced by her husband, Mary put England into a war against France from which ultimately proved to be a disaster for England, considering the loss of numerous lives and the loss of the Calais territory.
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She persecuted Protestants and burned heretics at the stake in the hundreds. Because of this persecution, she took the nickname "Bloody Mary".
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Mary died of cancer in 1558. She was succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth I of England who once more returned England to Protestantism.
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Elizabeth I was born in 1533 and died in 1603. Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she ruled from 1558 until her death. -
Restoration of Anglicanism under Elizabeth I.
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Philip II had long been contemplating an attempt to restore the Roman Catholic faith in England, and English piracies against Spanish trade and possessions offered him further provocation. He set sail The Spanish Armada from Spain in 1588, with the mission of overthrowing the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I and restoring Catholic rule over England. Fortunately, it was the British victory over the Spanish Armada.
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James I was born in 1566 and died in 1625. He first was the king of Scotland (as James VI) from 1567 to 1625, then becomes James I of England, unifying the Scottish and English crowns. England and Scotland now shared the same monarch under what was known as a "Union of the crowns". -
Elizabeth I was England’s most well-known monarchs and the greatest ruler of the Renaissance era. Her reign was considered a "golden age" of English history. She was never married and did not have children, becoming the last Tudor monarch, who was succeeded by King James I of England and VI of Scotland.
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The Powder Conspiracy was an attempt by radical Catholics to overthrow the Protestant government.
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Charles I was born in 1600 and died in 1649. He ruled Great Britain from 1625 until his death. -
The Petition of Right was an English constitutional document that sought recognition of four principles: -no taxation without the consent of Parliament
- no imprisonment without cause
-no quartering of soldiers on subjects
-no martial law in peacetime.
Parliament imposes limits on the royal power of Charles I in matters of taxes and arbitrary arrests. -
Conflicts between England and Scotland over religious reforms. The wars were the result of Charles’s endeavour to enforce Anglican observances in the Scottish Church and of the determination of the Scots to abolish episcopacy.
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The English Civil War was a series of civil wars and political conflicts between Royalists and Parliamentarians. The conflict arose due to tensions between Charles I and the House of Commons, and it involved supporters of the king (Royalists) opposing supporters of Parliament (parliamentarians).
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The king is captured and executed by parliamentarians, ending the monarchy in England and leading to the Republic under Oliver Cromwell.