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Believed in the value of achieving ethical harmony through skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules, denoting that one should achieve morality through self-cultivation.
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Socrates says that a man worth anything at all does not reckon whether his course of action endangers his life or threatens death. He looks only at one thing – whether what he does is just or not, the work of a good or of a bad man.
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“Human behaviour flows from three main sources: desire, emotion, and knowledge.” Virtue ethics says that the reasoning of what is moral is decided by the person instead of by rules or consequences.
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Aristotle argues that what separates human beings from the other animals is the human reason. So the good life is one in which a person cultivates and exercises their rational faculties by, for instance, engaging in scientific inquiry, philosophical discussion, artistic creation, or legislation.
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Argued that in order to be true, something must be capable of repeated testing, a view that girded his ideology with the intent of scientific rigor.
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Assessed that human beings lack the capacity to achieve a true conception of the self, that our conception is merely a “bundle of sensations” that we connect to formulate the idea of the self.
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Advocated strongly for the human right of free speech, and asserted that free discourse is necessary for social and intellectual progress.
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Believed in the individual’s creative capacity to resist social norms and cultural convention in order to live according to a greater set of virtues.
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Believed that human beings are “condemned to be free,” that because there is no Creator who is responsible for our actions, each of us alone is responsible for everything we do.
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Believed oppressed humans are entitled to rights and they have a duty to rise up against the abuse of power to protect these rights.
