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A Chinese Philosopher that advocates naturalness, spontaneity and freedom from social conventions and desires. -
A Chinese Philosopher which philosophy's focuses on the structure of human relationships, and in particular on the core relationship of the family which provides an idealized model for all other relationships. -
Socrates believed that if one knows what the good is, one will always do what is good. Thus if one truly understands the meaning of courage, self-control, or justice, one will act in a courageous, self-controlled and just manner. -
Plato maintains a virtue-based eudaemonistic conception of ethics. -
Aristotle's philosophy stresses biology, instead of mathematics like Plato. He believed the world was made up of individuals (substances) occurring in fixed natural kinds (species). Each individual has built-in patterns of development, which help it grow toward becoming a fully developed individual of its kind. -
Aquinas philosophy rules about how to act and virtues, personality traits which are taken to be good or moral. -
Machiavelli posits that human nature generates a capacity for choice and action that permits people to overcome external forces. -
Descartes posits the only thing I can be sure of is that I exist because even when I doubt that, there is an “I” doing the doubting. -
“the seeking out those Rules, and Measures of humane Actions, which lead to Happiness, and the Means to practice them” -
Hume's philosophy is based on his empiricist theory of the mind. -
Rousseau believed that good government must have the freedom of all its citizens as its most fundamental objective. -
One idea is universality, we should follow rules of behaviors that we can apply universally to everyone. and one must never treat people as a means to an end but as an end in themselves. -
Emerson's philosophy is characterized by its reliance on intuition as the only way to comprehend reality. -
Mill's most extensively articulated in his classical text Utilitarianism. Its goal is to justify the utilitarian principle as the foundation of morals. -
Kierkegaard insists that the single individual has ethical responsibility of his life. -
German Philosopher who is a famous advocate for communism. His ethics describes morality as a property of one's behavior conditioned by social and historical existence. -
Nietzsche's attacks morality both for its commitment to untenable descriptive metaphysical and empirical claims about human agency, as well as for the deleterious impact of its distinctive norms and values on the flourishing of the highest types of human. -
Wittgenstein's philosophical ethics cannot promote the meaning of life, but only working on one's individual self, that is to say, the quest for an ethical sense is an instrument of the individual's being-in-the-world and the desire to find meaning in life. -
Sartre was a moralist but scarcely a moralizer. His earliest studies, though phenomenological, underscored the freedom and by implication the responsibility of the practitioner of the phenomenological method. -
Foucault says that the form that freedom takes when it is informed by reflection, and by this he means that freedom consists in reflectively informed ascetic practices or practices of self.