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According to Socrates, “no one commits an evil act knowingly and doing wrong arises out of ignorance.” A person will commit only moral evil if he lacks moral knowledge. The ultimate aim of Socrates' philosophical method is always ethical. Socrates believed that if one knows what good is, one will always do what is good. Thus if one truly understands the meaning of courage, self-control, or justice, one will act in a courageous, self-controlled and just manner.
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“Never discourage anyone who continually makes progress, no matter how slow.”
Plato maintains a virtue-based conception of ethics. That is, happiness or well-being is the highest aim of moral thought and conduct, and the virtues are the requisite skills and dispositions needed to attain it. He developed the view that the good life requires not just a certain kind of knowledge. For Plato, the wise person uses the mind to understand moral reality and then apply it to her daily life. -
" VITRUE THEORY"
“The law is reason, free from passion.” In Ethics, Aristotle introduced the concept of what is usually referred to as the golden mean of moderation. He believed that every virtue resides somewhere between the vices of defect and excess. That is, one can display either too little or too much of a good thing, or a virtue. -
"Words are the money of fools.” Hobbes is best known for his political thought, and deservedly so. His main concern is the problem of social and political order: how human beings can live together in peace and avoid the danger and fear of civil conflict. From a positivist view, laws are valid not because they are created in natural law, but because they are enacted by legal authority and are accepted by society as such.
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" DEONTOLOGY"
“Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life.” Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. He argues that the human understanding is the source of the general laws of nature that structure all our experience; and that human reason gives itself the moral law, which is our basis for belief in God, freedom, and immortality. -
"UTILITARIANISM"
Utilitarianism is a principle that evaluates actions based upon their consequences. The relevant consequences, in particular, are the overall happiness created for everyone affected by the action. Bentham famously held a hedonistic account of both motivation and value according to which what is fundamentally valuable and what ultimately motivates us are pleasure and pain. Happiness, according to Bentham, is thus a matter of experiencing pleasure and lack of pain. -
"UTILITARIANISM"
Mill defines utilitarianism as a theory based on the principle that "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness." Mill defines happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain. -
"Justice Theory"
He was an American moral and political philosopher in the liberal tradition. A Theory of Justice is a work of political philosophy and ethics by John Rawls, in which the author attempts to solve the problem of distributive justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society) by utilizing a variant of the familiar device of the social contract.
