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One of the most intriguing paradoxes he helped his students investigate was the existence of willpower weakness — doing wrong when you genuinely understood what was right. He claimed to believe otherwise: people only did terrible things when the apparent benefits would seem to exceed the costs at the time. Hence, mastering what he labeled "the art of measurement," or rectifying the aberrations that distort one's assessments of benefit and cost, is integral to the development of personal ethics. -
Socrates was an Athenian Philosopher whose theories and beliefs conflicted with Athenian politics and culture at the time. Socrates strived to critically evaluate the underlying ideas prevalent in Greece at the time, and he urged other people to do the same. Socrates remarked that "no one commits an evil act knowingly, and doing wrong arises out of ignorance."
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Plato's ultimate purpose is to criticize most folk's views about goodness, since it is here that they go horrendously wrong in their attempts to live happy lives. Most people consider virtue to be a modest benefit, if not a hindrance to achieving a fulfilling life. Plato believes that this is inaccurate; only by being virtuous can we hope to be happy. -
Plato is acknowledged by several experts as perhaps the most prominent philosopher of Western civilization and ranks among the world's finest philosophers. Plato came to believe that moral values are empirical in the extent that they originate beyond the subjective human practices in a spirit-like dimension. Moreover, he believed that they really are absolute, or everlasting, in the perspective that they never change.
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Aristotle's ethics is focused with conduct, not as being just in and of itself regardless of any other concern, but with deeds helpful to man's benefit. Aristotle sets out to determine what this good is and the science that corresponds to it. -
In Arabic Philosophy, he was simply known as "The First Teacher," whereas in the West, he was known as "The Philosopher." According to Aristotle's "The Golden Mean Principle," to be happy, live a life of moderation. We must avoid extremes in all we do. For example, when eating, we must eat the necessary quantity of food according to our bodies' needs.
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Hobbes' moral positivism anticipates a catastrophic conclusion if laws are not implemented and obeyed. We all presume that the government's role is to safeguard its citizens' rights, uphold justice, and enforce the law. Thus, every state or nation must have someone in charge of managing and administering them. Consequently , the establishment of laws and the compliance of their subjects is necessary towards the discipline and maintenance of peace in countries. -
According to Thomas Hobbes, humans are essentially selfish beings who would do almost anything to enhance their social status. People, according to Hobbes, would act on their immoral desires if left to their own discretion; therefore, they should not be permitted to render conclusions on their own. Furthermore, Hobbes believed that nations, like persons, are selfishly driven. Each country, in his opinion, is constantly at war for power, influence, and wealth.
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"Do whatever produces the greatest good for the greatest number," the theory contends, arguing that the effects of an act, not the motivation for the deed defines its justness. According to English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, an action is right if it tends to promote happiness or pleasure and wrong if it tends to produce unhappiness or pain—not just for the person performing the action but for everyone else affected by it. -
He was renowned for believing that humanity were dominated by two sovereign masters: pleasure and pain. We seek pleasure and the exclusion of suffering; they "govern us in all we do, say, and think." Nonetheless, he established the utility principle as the norm for appropriate behavior on the part of governments and people. Actions are accepted when they tend to foster happiness or pleasure, and they are disapproved when they aim to produce misery or suffering.
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According to Mill, actions should be regarded as morally right or wrong only if the consequences are significant enough that the person should be coerced, rather than just convinced and encouraged, to behave in the preferred manner.