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Cherubini
Italian composer, theorist, teacher, and administrator working in Paris; he was a dominant figure in French musical life, especially in opera and education -
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Mayr
Founder of Romantic Italian Opera; German by birth; a central figure in Italian opera before Rossini and after Mozart -
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Mehul
French composer; contributed to the genre of opera comique; he was the most important French composer of symphonies in the early 19th century -
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Beethoven
Instrumental in moving music towards Romanticism; he is an icon in our present culture; he established the heroic topic in orchestral music and was the transitional composer between classicism and romanticism -
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Spontini
Italian working in Paris; conductor; Empress Josephine's favorite musician; the central figure in French serious opera from 1800 to 1820 -
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Hoffmann
German writer and composer; writer of The Nutcracker fable; his writings epitomize Romanticism; also an artist -
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Hummel
Austrian composer, pianist, teacher, and conductor; student of Mozart; very important during his day -
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Industrial Revolution
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Field
Irish composer and pianist; he originated the Romantic style of piano writing that is credited to Chopin; he invented the piano nocturne -
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Paganini
Italian violinist and composer; he contributed significantly to the history of the violin and to the development of virtuosity -
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Kalkbrenner
French composer, pianist, and teacher of German birth; recognized throughout Europe for his performances -
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Maria von Weber
Founder of German Romantic Opera; studied with Michael Haydn; important conductor -
French Revolution
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Rossini
The most famous composer in the early 19th century in Vienna; composed mostly choral music and operas; Italian -
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Moscheles
Bohemian composer, pianist, teacher, and conductor of Czech birth; important as pianist during the time of Schumann and Mendelssohn -
Period: to
Schubert
Austrian composer who created a genre of artistic and dramatic Lieder; expansive melodies; frequent modulations; many unfinished works; romanticized after his early death -
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Berlioz
French composer, conductor, writer, and innovator; he was the leading French musician in his day; his works embody the notions of Romanticism -
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Mendelssohn
Early romantic; conservative style; important as a conductor; revived Bach's music; German composer Jewish heritage -
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David
French composer; after Berlioz, the only other composer to do something highly original in the symphonic genre; he favored oriental topics -
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Schumann
Important as critic, editor, and composer; center of musical life; lost his sanity at a young age -
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Chopin
Polish/French composer and pianist; he innovated new piano techniques; he is more famous today than during his lifetime; known for his character pieces -
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Liszt
Virtuoso pianist; conductor; author; supporter of Wagner; innovator in musical form, aesthetics, and harmonies; inventor of the orchestral tone poem -
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Wagner
Creator of German Music Drama; conductor, writer, musical innovator; wrote about music of the future; Anti-Semite; profoundly influenced Western harmony; strove for endless melodies -
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Verdi
The most important Italian composer in the mid to late 19th century, primarily an opera composer -
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Lang
German composer and singer; one of the most published women composers in the 19th century -
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Bruckner
Austrian composer and organist; follower of Wagner; known for his large orchestrations; incredibly conscientious approach to composition -
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Smetana
Bohemian, best known for his programmatic cycle of 6 symphonic poems called Má vlast (My Country) -
Erie Canal Opens
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Hanslick
Austrian music critic and writer; he is considered the first professional music critic; we learn a great deal about 19th century aesthetics from his writings -
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Strauss
Viennese composer, conductor, and violinist; called the "Waltz-King" -
Period: to
Gottschalk
American composer and virtuoso pianist; one of the most significant American 19th century musicians; well-known in Europe -
Period: to
Rubinstein
Russian composer and virtuoso pianist; founder of the St. Petersburg Conservatory in 1862 -
Period: to
Brahms
Austrian composer; known as a classic-romantic; strong knowledge of musical past; one of the first editors of Bach's music; conductor; pianist; friends with the Schumanns; never wrote an opera -
Invention of photography
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Paine
American; organist; composer; teacher of the new generation of American composers; Harvard's first professor of music -
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Tchaikovsky
Russian composer, conductor and teacher; Western trained; emotional; conservative harmonic language -
Period: to
Dvorak
The most famous of the Czech composers; lived in USA; influenced by African-American and Native American music and culture -
Period: to
Faure
French composer, teacher, and keyboardist; he foreshadowed modern tonality and style; extremely important as a teacher; head of the Paris Conservatory -
Neptune discovered
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Sousa
American; leader of the U.S. Marine Band in 1880 -
Period: to
Puccini
Italian opera composer; gift for delicate melodies; strove for realism; the most successful Italian opera composer after Verdi -
Charles Darwin
"The Origin of the Species" is published -
Period: to
American Civil War
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Telephone invented
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Phonograph invented
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Statue of Liberty
The statue is presented to New York -
Ford
Henry Ford builds the first car -
Wright Brothers
The Wright Brothers first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, NC