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Protagoras is best known for his claim that, "In all things the measure is Man, of things that have, that they are, and of things that are not, that they are not" or, in other words , all of which are related to individual experience, judgment, and interpretation.
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Socrates believed that philosophy should achieve practical results for the greater good of society. He attempted to establish an ethical system based on human reason rather than theological doctrine. Socrates taught that human choice is motivated by a desire for happiness. According to Socrates, “no one who commits an evil act with knowledge and wrongdoing comes from ignorance.
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In metaphysics Plato devised a systematic, rational treatment of forms and their relationships, beginning with the most important of them (the Good, or the One); in ethics and moral psychology he developed the view that the good life requires not just a certain kind of knowledge.
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Diogenes maintained that all artificial evolution of society is incompatible with happiness and morality implies a return to the simplicity of nature. His rigidity and simplicity were so great that the Stoics would later claim him to be a wise man or "sophos".
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Aristotle further argues that most virtues fall into a sense between intense character traits. (Fieser, 2003). If one is decisive in making decisions, he should use his reasons or seek help from reason or support from reasoning.
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The philosophy of Epicurus is a complete and interconnected system, involving a view of the purpose of human life (happiness, resulting from the absence of physical pain and mental turmoil), an empiricist theory of knowledge (sensation , along with the perception of pleasure and pain, are infallible standards), a description of nature based on materialistic atomistic, and a naturalistic account of evolution, from the formation of the world to the emergence of human societies.
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Hobbes concluded that people are stimulated by "appetite" or movement toward something, such as pleasure and "dislike" or movement away from something, such as pain. Hobbes' doctrine that human behavior is directed at self-interest is now known as psychological hedonism.
