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1453
WWI : " The Ottoman Empire "
The Ottoman Empire was one of the most robust & long-lasting dynasties,Islamic-run superpower ruled large areas of the Middle East, Eastern Europe & North Africa for more than 600yrs.the secret treaty between Ottoman Empire & German Empire on August 2,1914,formed them for Central powers in WWI.The Triple Entente, or Allied Powers, declared war on the Ottoman Empire on November 4.After WWI,The Empire broke apart,w/ the Turks confined to Asia Minor & other European colonies,losing its territories. -
Western Settlement
The years following the War of 1812 there was a massive migration of white settlers into the Old Northwest,the Old Southwest and the Far west.Westward movement was made easier by government efforts to push Native American societies even farther west & expand the Nation's territorial possessions for various of individuals to pursue Liberty of expression, agriculture, gold & labor.Pioneers moved west for better living & land purchases that transitioned into a great deal of historical innovations. -
Technological innovation : Steam Power Travel
Prior to 1812, the industrial revolution transformed America entirely marking a shift in powered, special-purpose machinery, factories & mass production. Iron, Textile industries, along w/ the development of the steam engine that centralized the industrial transportation era. The creation of the steam engine was a driving force behind the rise of mills and factories during the Industrial Revolution as it improved not only in transportation but in technological innovations for westward expansion. -
Entrepreneurship
The completion of the railroads to the West following the Civil War opened up areas of the region to settlement & economic development.In addition,the expansion of the western territories opened new frontiers of economic businesses that elevated the nation's international trade & commerce.However,not only did the Railroads innovative system help America financially but it gave birth to concepts & structures that are known as,Entrepreneurship with distinct innovations that impacted society today. -
Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877)
Born in 1794 on Staten Island, Cornelius Vanderbilt quit school at age 11 to work on a ferry. Vanderbilt first amassed a fortune operating steamships. In the 1850s & 1860s, Vanderbilt began buying railroads,first acquiring the New York & Harlem Railroad in 1863. Vanderbilt was a self-made multi-millionaire who became one of the wealthiest Americans of the 19th century & is known as Commodore Vanderbilt,an American business man, Steamship Operator,ruthless competitor & philanthropist of his time. -
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Transforming the West "Expansion"
After a disputable & impactful war that divided the country of the United States, the rough transition period of Reconstruction led to racial discrimination and economic distraught. However, throughout the period an economic growth boosted from the Southern area that open new frontiers for Westward Expansion.Even more than ranching & mining, agricultural growth boosted the West's economy & bound it to national and world markets following The Homestead Act, land, railroads, migration & companies. -
President Mckinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901)
William McKinley was born January 29,1843, in Niles,Ohio.The Republican McKinley ran promoting American prosperity & won over Democrat William Jennings Bryan to become the 25th president of the U.S.In 1898,McKinley led the nation into war w/ Spain over the issue of Cuban independence; ending w/ the U.S in possession of Puerto Rico,the Philippines & Guam.In general,McKinley’s bold foreign policy opened the doors for the U.S to play an increasingly active role in world affairs but was killed,1901. -
Business: corporations
As America grew tenaciously in the 1860s in the race of industrialization dominance,the economic factors that contributed to the historical transition were the transcontinental railroad companies that revolutionized entrepreneurship &increased national labor due to its work abundance,which soon populated the country to the west.Corporations were the biggest change in the economy,owned stocks in the market,& hold limited liability that were conveniently helped by telegraph & railroad innovations. -
Education: Mandatory Public Schooling
By 1850 American educational reformers,led by Horace Mann,succeeded in convincing many leading citizens of the merits of establishing a system of publicly supported “common schools.”These schools conceived not only as centers for learning,but as important vehicles for projecting the moral values considered essential to the American Society.After child labor disputes,the need of education was essential & was issued after the Revolution.However,segregation existed & brought conflict to the system. -
William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft born on September 15,1857,in Cincinnati,Ohio.As U.S. president from 1909 to 1913 & chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1921 to 1930,William Howard Taft became the only man in history to hold the highest post in both the executive & judicial branches of the U.S.government.Taft worked as a judge in Ohio,secretary of war in the administration of Roosevelt,& the 27th president of the U.S,fulfilled a lifelong dream when he was appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court. -
Teddy Roosevelt "Rising Republican"
Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly became the 26thpresident of the U.S in September 1901,after the assassination of William McKinley.Roosevelt brought a distinctive spirited energy to his presidency white house & won a second term on his own merits in 1904.Roosevelt confronted the bitter struggle between management & labor head-on & became known as the great “trust buster”,obtained a Nobel Peace Prize for his humble negotiations,Constructed Panama canal & ran for the new progressive party in 1912. -
Darwin's Theory of Evolution : Natural Selection
Most educated people in Europe & the Americas during the 1900s had their first full exposure to the concept of evolution through the writings of Charles Darwin. Being Born from a moderate wealthy family in Shrewsburry, England, -
Native American : The Great Plain Indians
Americans impacted all Native tribes in ways that executed the living rights they obtained w/Acts & killed their living culture w/cruel actions of greed.All leading to reservations of the last known nomadic buffalo tribe,Great Plains Indians living in both Canada & Great plains.Nomadic tribes followed the buffalo migrations which provided their food & improved their resourceful lifestyle of living.However,various conflicts arose in 1884 creating historical world collisions of war & territory. -
Native Americans: Lifestyle
After colonies claimed the new land known as America,many of the settlers were unaware of the inhabitants that lived & ruled these areas,these people are historically known as Native Americans. Years of the Native American History roamed America settlement in ways that dealt politically, territorial, cultural, racial,& resourcefully all leading to the impactful Westward settlement in the 18th ce.The Great Plains, North&Southwest were nomadic tribes that lived resourcefully w/ horses & buffalo. -
Railroads : Increased Economic Output
The Expansion of the railroads in the late 1800s was instrumental in helping the U.S economy rise in ways that it transformed transportation with the transcontinental railroads, developed mass advertising to the western settlement & the increase of cheap labor from immigrants helped the united states innovatively. In regards of America's economic rise after the depressing collapse of Reconstruction, the railroads created tremendous amount of demands for goods & labor on their own with companies. -
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The Gilded Age "Corruption"
Gilded is known as "metaphorical thin layer of gold to disguise problems/social issues" that represents an era of corruption, conspicuous consumption & unfettered capitalism in America.This Era played an important role for its economical, political, social reforms & technological inventions that developed the American society known today.The major political issues were the tariff, currency reform and civil service reform, which were interests to businessmen & immigration caused population boom. -
The Transcontinental Railroad
After America's 1st steam locomotive made its debut in 1830, & over the next two decades railroad tracks linked many cities on the East coast.Before the building of the Transcontinental Railroad,it cost nearly $1,000 to travel across the country & was an arduous task to complete.By 1850, some 9,000 miles of tracks had been laid east of the Missouri River & dropped the price of travel to $150, which revolutionized westward settlement & economic development in 1862 with various railroad companies. -
The Homestead Act
Western Settlement uprooted the population, migration, economy, agriculture & physical ratification that impacted America's industrialized nation politically,but affected the native's lifestyle. Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862,the Homestead Act encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land.In exchange,homesteaders paid a small filing fee & improved the land for the next 5 years for ownership.however,it was partially effective in the end. -
The Morrill Land Grant College Act
The Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862 provided grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges specializing in "Agriculture & the mechanic arts."The grant was originally set up to establish institutions in each state that would educate people in agriculture,home economics,mechanical arts,& other professions that were practical at the time.The land-grant act was introduced by a congressman from Vermont named Justin Smith Morrill & signed into law by Abraham Lincoln in 1862. -
William Randolph Hearst : Publisher, Business Leader(1863–1951)
Born in San Francisco,California, on April 29,1863,William Randolph Hearst used his wealth and privilege to build a massive media empire. A founder of "yellow journalism," he was praised for his success & vilified by his enemies. At one point, he considered running for the U.S. presidency but the Great Depression took a toll on Hearst's company & his influence gradually waned, though his company survived as he impacted America's largest newspaper chain & died in Beverly Hills,California,in 1951. -
The Promontory Point, Utah
The Rise of Industrial America began in the reformation of westward expansion,Settlement & economic development that rose as the innovation of railroads took charge of the business industry & gave birth to mass migration of cheap labor due to the cheap cost of transportation.In 1862,the Pacific Railroad Act chartered the Central Pacific & the Union Pacific Railroad Companies to build a railroad that links U.S east to the west.May 10,1869 The railroads joined their rails at Promontory Point Utah. -
Immigrants: Chinese
The U.S. experienced major waves of immigration during the colonial era & from the 1880s to 1920.Many came to America seeking greater economic opportunity,while some,such as the Pilgrims in 1600s,arrived in search of religious freedom.After the Civil war,immigrants streamed the U.S in 1870-1900.A relatively large group of Chinese immigrated between the start of the California gold rush in 1849&1882 when federal law stopped their immigration for labor,money & stability but faced racism during it. -
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The Imperialism Era "Power of Influence and Expansion"
The Age of Imperialism is a term that refers to the economic, military, political, humanitarian & religious influences that impacted the U.S internationally & developed an acceptance of the Social Darwinism theory followed by technological advances that influenced European & national powers in a transformational level. It rapidly expanded territorial possessions within world powers, specifically in America, which led to concepts of proceeding limitless paths of positive & negative situations. -
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Becoming an Industrial Power "Development"
After the era of Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century, the United Sates underwent an economic transformation marked by the maturing of the industrial economy,the rapid expansion of big business, the development of large-scale agriculture,& the rise of national labor unions followed by industrial conflicts.Outbursts of technological innovations fueled the development of the American industrial power economically and immigration that productively raised corporations and business westward. -
The Women’s Temperance Christian Union
The Woman's Christian Temperance Union,founded in November 1874 in Cleveland,Ohio. After Frances Willard took over leadership in 1879, it became one of the largest and most influential women's groups of the 19th century by expanding its platform to campaign for labor laws,prison reform & suffrage.The main objective of the WCTU was to persuade all states to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages after their hardship experiences & focused more on prohibition than feminism,though declined yearly. -
African American: Exodusters
After the American Civil War,the fight for social justice,liberty rights & citizenship evolved around the lives of African Americans that soon were conformed with the 13th,14th ,& 15th amendments: Giving them the right to vote, become citizens and abolish slavery for good.However,the Reconstruction Era the South's collaboration reflected resentment & racial discrimination leading to Jim Crow segregation system.Result of that motivated Exodusters to migrate west for liberty but varied in success. -
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
After the American Civil War,the U.S began to experience foreign immigration to its country in hopes of financial stability,life opportunities,labor enhancements,freedom of expression & in other cases permanent settlement, particularly to the west in 18th century.Large group of those migrators were the Chinese,roughly in the start of the California Gold rush 1849 till spring of 1882 when Chinese Exclusion Act was passed restricting immigration into the U.S as an act of racism of labor dominance. -
The Invention of "Coca-Cola"
America revolutionized innovatively & economically,building an empire of a new industrialized power rose consisting of various technological inventions that structured the U.S in the 1860s.One of the inventions revolutionized refreshments highly & it is still widely used today,Coca-Cola. In 1886, Coca-Cola was invented by a pharmacist named John Pemberton,which fought in the Civil war & eagerly attempted to invent something that would bring him commercial success,also becomes a global business. -
Interstate Commerce Commision
The Interstate Commerce Commission was a regulatory agency in the U.S created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 meant that Interstate commerce crosses state lines & is within the federal government's authority to regulate if it chooses.With this act, railroads became the 1st industry subject to Federal regulation.Congress passed the law largely in response to public demand that railroad operations be regulated creating a five-member enforcement board that regulated private industries, 1887. -
The "Hitler" of Germany
After devastating destruction of WWI,it came to an end with the Sing of the Treaty of Versailles proclaimed all responsibility on the national power,Germany.The embarrassment,economic depression,betrayal & discrimination led once a powerful country in devastating ruins w/ lack of employment.Nevertheless,a rising leader soon will alter the history of dictatorship & technological warfare.Adolf Hitler,leader of the NAZI'S & chancellor of Germany led WWII's power attacks for the gain of superiority. -
The "City Beautiful Movement"
The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of N.A architecture & urban planning that flourished during 1890s & 1900s w/the intent of introducing beautification & monumental grandeur in cities.Ideas of organized comprehensive urban planning arose in the U.S from the City Beautiful movement,which claimed that design couldn't be separated from social issues & should encourage civic pride & engagement.Cities like Chicago influenced the movement after the World's Columbian Exposition, 1893. -
The Great "Monopolies"
As a rising industrial power,the US developed highly cognitive ideals that spread throughout the country's economic status in technological innovations,agriculture enhancement, mining&Labor,land & most importantly big businesses took over the markets.Monopolies lacked competition & administrated corporations with high prices & inferior products that began with Railroad companies becoming a threat to the Government & Society.In 1890, Sherman Antitrust Act banned monopolies but varied in success. -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Completed railroads to the West following the Civil War opened up vast areas of the region to settlement & economic development. White settlers from the East poured across to mine, farm,& ranch.African-American settlers also came West & Chinese railroad workers further added to the diversity of the region's population.Business grew leading to Monopolies followed by the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890, banning trusts & monopolistic combinations that affected international trade & economic equality. -
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The Progressive Era "Social Activism"
The Progressive Era in the United States was dominated by reform ideals from 1890-1920. The Progressive movement covered social reform issues relating to female suffrage, education, working conditions, unionization, the problems or urbanization, industrialization and child labor. Progressivism began as a social movement that focused on responses to economic/social disputes and grew into a political movement that rejected Social Darwinism's corporate greed & expressed the importance of democracy. -
World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 " The White City"
For the business & civic leaders of Chicago, the World’s Columbian Exposition was the climactic event of a ritual by which the city “came of age.” Chicago engaged in a long political struggle with New York & other Eastern cities for the right to hold the exposition: in the end, Chicago simply out-bid its rivals. Land & facilities were donated by business & the city, & most of the construction expenses were borne by local business.This promoted urbanization & ideas for "City Beautiful movement." -
The "Depression of 1893"
The Depression of 1893 was known as the most arduous economic depression in the U.S that took root in the year of 1893, holding similar contributed factors to its collapse in the Panic of 1873.This panic was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding & shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures, as a result of over-speculation in the railroad industry. One of the worst collapses with unemployment rates exceeding 10% for half a decade deepened the crisis of depression. -
The Yellow Journalism
Yellow journalism is a term for a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news & instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers.Techniques may include exaggerations of news events,scandal-mongering or sensationalism.Led by newspaper owners William Randolph Hearst&Joseph Pulitzer,journalism of the 1890s raised yellow journalism styles that ultimately led to war in expressing American public opinion pressuring the government to go to war against Spain. -
The American investment in Cuba " $50 million investment"
In 1898,the U.S assisted in war to protect its citizens & businesses in Cuba.This war was known as the Spanish-American War where the U.S declared war on Spain after the U.S.warship,the Maine,exploded & sank on February 15,1898 while visiting Havana,Cuba.Private & corporate investors from the US were attracted to Cuba in search of the many investment opportunities offered by its sugar and tobacco plantations,& factories.Investment were particularly strong following the Ten Year War & Small War. -
The Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War was a conflict between the U.S & Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas & resulted in U.S.acquisition of territories in the western Pacific as well as Latin America.The war originated from Cuban struggle for independence from Spain,which began in Feb,1895.Treaty of Paris 1898,Spain renounced all claim to Cuba,ceded Guam & Puerto Rico to the U.S,& transferred sovereignty over the Philippines to the U.S for $20,000,000, ending overseas colonial adventures. -
The Imperialist Policy " Expand with Power"
Expansion & Power “American imperialism” refers to the economic, military,& cultural influence of the U.S on other countries since the 19th century till the modern age, more for America's expansion westward. Influential intentions after WWI, Policies towards the native Americans were designed to remold them into a people more imperialism,state policy,& follower to the white man's lifestyle.The U.S adopted & maintained an empire by conquest,colonization 1901-1909 W/ president Theodore Roosevelt. -
The Treaty of Paris (1898)
Commissioners from the United States & Spain met in Paris on October 1,1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war after six months of hostilities.The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was an agreement made in 1898 that involved Spain relinquishing nearly all of the remaining Spanish Empire,especially Cuba,& ceding Puerto Rico,Guam, & the Philippines to the U.S . Signed in December 10,1898 Cuba's independence was recognized & forced Spain to cede Guam & Puerto Rico to the United States. -
The Philipine-American War : 1899-1902
After its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. On February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces & Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers. The war lasted 3 years & resulted As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, & disease. -
Working Labor: Child Labor
The labor movement in the U.S grew out of the need to protect the common interest of workers.For those in the industrial sector, organized labor unions fought for better wages, reasonable hours & safer working conditions.The labor movement led efforts to stop child labor for its extreme environments but took a market crash to solve the epidemic, give health benefits & provide aid to workers who were injured or retired.In 1924, Congress proposed a constitutional amendment prohibiting child labor. -
The Literacy Tests
Grandfather Clauses, Literacy Tests, & the White Primary were systems used after the Civil War & Reconstruction Era in southern states employing a range of tactics to prevent blacks from exercising their right to vote. Using violence,vote fraud, gerrymandering, literacy tests, white primaries to deny suffrage to African Americans in the 19th ce.These test tested the ability to read,write &understand any section of the state/Federal Constitution that at the time were arduous for many to overcome. -
Nobel Peace Prize : The Man Behind the Nobel Prize
Since 1901,the Nobel Prize has honored men & women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics,chemistry,physiology or medicine,literature,& for work in peace.The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will,leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize.The Noble Peace Prize was awarded to the person that has done the best work in terms of spreading peace,building a vast foundation for future difference makers. -
The Women in Factories
Many of the jobs were occupied by women within the time the men across the nation fought for the liberty of slavery,while others for its traditional profit of slavery.Many of which, women had the role of nurses,worked in factories & uphold positions of males in the work environment, which impacted the house whole role of women to a modern working one.1900s,women worked to help their families financially in factories,services & richer households while having responsibility of being a wife/mother. -
Social Darwinism in the Gilded Age
Social Darwinism are various theories emerging the United Kingdom,North America,& western Europe in the 1870s that claim to apply biological concepts of natural selection & survival of the fittest to sociology & politics.It's the idea that humans,like animals & plants,compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest."the Gilded Age believed that wealthy Americans were biologically superior, embracing laissez-faire capitalism,racism & imperialism. -
The City Reforms "Social Actiism & Progressivism"
The Gilded Age & first years of the Progressive Era were times of great social changes,economic growth, industrialization, urbanization,the construction of great railroads, innovation of technology & rise of businesses that were dominated by progressivism, political reforms & social activism during the 1900-1920. Country grappled w/ the problems caused by industrialization, Urbanization, immigration & government corruption, many were achieved by pass movement reforms during Roosevelt presidency, -
The Election of 1900 " Race to remember"
The U.S presidential election of 1900, 29th Presidential election, was held on November 6,1900.It was a rematch of the 1896 race between Republican President William McKinley & his Democratic challenger,William Jennings Bryan.The return of economic prosperity & recent victory in the Spanish-American War helped McKinley to score a decisive victory.President McKinley chose New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as his running mate as Vice President Garret Hobart had died from heart failure in 1899. -
The Platt Amendment
March 2,1901,the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill.It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of U.S troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish–American War,& an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions.Platt Amendment was followed by the Cuban-American Treaty,which allowed the U.S. to lease land in Guantanamo Bay for a naval station & established terms under which the U.S ended its military occupation in Cuba. -
The Big Stick Policy : “speak softly and carry a big stick"
The Big Stick Policy,Big stick diplomacy,refers to U.S President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy from the quoted proverb "Speak softly & carry a big stick."On September 2,1901,U.S Vice President Theodore Roosevelt outlined his ideal foreign policy in a speech at the Minnesota State Fair in Falcon Heights,Minnesota:“Speak softly,& carry a big stick.”Roosevelt used Big Stick diplomacy in many foreign policy situations in Latin America & the Caribbean to expand America's influence to the world. -
Flights : Charles Lindberg
Charles Lindbergh was an American aviator who rose to international fame in 1927 after becoming the first person to fly nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean in his monoplane,Spirit of St. Louis.Five years later,Lindbergh’s toddler son was kidnapped and murdered in what many called “the crime of the century.” In the lead-up to World War II,Lindbergh was an outspoken isolationist,opposing American aid to Great Britain in the fight against Nazi Germany.Some accused him of being a Nazi sympathizer. -
Cuba's Independence " Free from Corruption"
By the end of the 1800s, Spain had lost all of its New World colonies except Cuba & Puerto Rico. Many Cubans did not wish to be under Spanish rule,so they fled to Florida & other parts of the U.S.The Spanish-American War,the Cuban War of Independence,was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain,beginning with the unsuccessful Ten Years' War.Dissatisfied with the corrupt & inefficient administration, lack of political representation,& high taxes Cuba fought for liberation. -
Henry Cabot Lodge : U.S. Representative, Political Scientist, Historian(1850–1924)
Henry Cabot Lodge was born on May 12,1850,in Beverly,Massachusetts.A recipient of the first Ph.D. in political science awarded by Harvard University,Lodge served in both the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate, & served as the first Senate majority leader.Cabot is most remembered for his opposition to the League of Nations &,thusly,the ratification of Treaty of Versailles.He sponsored the unsuccessful Lodge Bill, which sought to protect the voting rights of African Americans & died in 1924. -
The Panama Canal " Man Made Revolution"
Prior to failures of a French Construction team in the 1880s,the U.S commenced building a canal across a 50-mile stretch of the Panama Isthmus in 1904.The project was helped by the elimination of disease-carrying mosquitoes,while chief engineer John Stevens devised innovative techniques & spurred the crucial redesign from a sea-level to a lock canal.The Panama Canal is a man-made canal that connects the Pacific & Atlantic Oceans,impacted America's technological transportation of goods & economy. -
Industrial Workers of the World: (IWW)
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), members termed "Wobblies",is an international labor union that was founded in 1905 in Chicago,Illinois & were dedicated to organize the job, industries & communities. it aimed to direct workers, so that they can jointly force the employers of workers to grant better pay, shorter hours, & better conditions.In fact,all the progress made by labor in the 1900s was due to the pressure exerted by trades unions,but had conflict w/ American Federation of Labor. -
The Meat Inspection Act (1906)
The Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) is an American law that makes it a crime to adulterate,misbrand meat & meat products being sold as food,& ensures that meat & meat products are slaughtered & processed under sanitary conditions.The Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906 was key piece of Progressive Era legislation,signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the Federal Meat Inspection Act which Prohibited poisonous/deleterious foods,drugs,medicines,liquors& other in the Meat Industries. -
The Election of 1912
Politics can sometimes turn the best of friends into the worst of enemies.Such was the fate for the relationship between Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. U.S presidential election of 1912,held on November 5th,1912 was a three major candidate election.Democrat Woodrow Wilson defeated Bull Moose(Progressive) candidate & former Republican president Theodore Roosevelt & Republican incumbent president William Howard Taft.Forming distinctive parties led to the less popular group to victory. -
The Federal Reserve Act
The 1913 Federal Reserve Act was a U.S. legislation that created the current Federal Reserve System.The F.R Act intended to establish a form of economic stability in the United States through the introduction of the Central Bank, which would be in charge of monetary policy.The F.R Act is perhaps one of the most influential laws concerning the U.S. financial system.Prior to 1913,financial panics were common occurrences, & the Act gave 12 federal Reserve banks ability to print money for stability. -
World War 1 : European Alliances
The rising tensions between powers in Europe led to an erupting war that impacted the economic,politics,nationalistic pride,alliances, treaties & imperialism.By 1914, the six major powers of Europe were split into two alliances that would form the two warring sides in World War I.Britain,France,& Russia formed the Triple Entente,while Germany,Austria-Hungary,& Italy joined in the Triple Alliance.However,the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria,started a chain of events leading to war. -
Central Powers : Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
The wartime alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary,Bulgaria & the Ottoman Empire were the 'Central Powers',referred to the geographical location of the two original members of the alliance,Germany & Austria-Hungary,in central Europe.The Ottoman Empire joined the alliance in November 1914 & the last member,the Kingdom of Bulgaria,entering the war on the side Central Powers in October 1915.Their advantages:strategic military term, moving troops, equipment,& supplies faster beneficed them in the war. -
The Ludlow Massacre
after Woodrow Wilson took office there began in Colorado one of the most bitter and violent struggles between workers & corporate capital in the history of the country.This was the Colorado coal strike that began in September 1913 and culminated in the “Ludlow Massacre” of April 1914.The Ludlow Massacre was an attack by the Colorado National Guard & Colorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow,Colorado due to economic drop. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand : Assassination
An Event that sparked the outbreak of WWI,Archduke Franz Ferdinand,nephew of Emperor Franz Josef & heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire,shot to death along with his wife by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo,Bosnia,1914.The archduke was assassinated because the Serbians viewed the Austrians as foreign oppressors & the day of the Archduke's visit was the day in which Serbia freed itself from the Turkish-Ottoman rule in 1912.Leading to a catastrophic war of nationalism,imperialism,politics & pride. -
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WWI "The First World War"
After the disturbing impact of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo on June 28th,1914 & various contributing disputable factors of rivalry led the Great powers of Europe to allow war on a wide-scale to break out known as "WWI".Serbian-nationalist terrorist group called the Black Hand sent groups to assassinate the Archduke & came into play to stir up alliances,imperialism,militarism & nationalism in Europe.The Tripleentente & Triplealliance battled harshly leaving hardships. -
Allied Powers : France, Russia, Great Britain
As disputable conflicts arose within the European states & Ottoman Empire,the declaration for War grew with heating aggressions that expanded two forming alliances in half for an impactful & destructive 4-year war,WWI.The Allied Powers were largely formed as a defense against the aggression of Germany & the Central Powers.Also known as the Entente Powers because they began as an alliance between France, Britain,&Russia called the Triple Entente & Germany declared war on France on August 3, 1914. -
World War 1: United States as a neutral power
As WWI erupts Europe President Woodrow Wilson formally proclaims neutrality of the U.S,positioning a vast majority of Americans favored,8/4/1914.Wilson’s hope that America could be “impartial in thought as well as in action” was soon compromised by Germany’s attempted quarantine of the British Isles.Britain was America’s closest trading partner & tension arose between the U.S & Germany when several U.S. ships traveling to Britain were damaged/sunk by German mines,motivated the U.S to intervene. -
The Great Migration to America : Black Urban Culture Rise
The Great Migration ,or "The Relocation",was a movement of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North,Midwest & West from 1916 to 1970,had a huge impact of urban life in the United States. Various black families were driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities & harsh segregationist laws in the south & moved up North for industrial labor. During this time,black urban culture exerted enormous influence despite society's perspectives. -
The National Park System
The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations.On August 25, 1916,President Woodrow Wilson signed the act creating the National Park Service, a new federal bureau in the Department of the Interior responsible for protecting the 35 national parks and monuments then managed by the department and those yet to be established. -
The Great Fall of The Ottoman Empire
In 1900, in the 700th year of its existence, the Ottoman Empire began to die a violent,climactic death.The forces that destroyed this old and once powerful state catapulted the Middle East,Europe,& indeed the world,toward increased instability & chaos.After WWI,Ottoman Empire's ruling strength was weakened as it began to lose territorial possession within its areas creating long-lasting & horrific conflicts.Both World Wars,the Holocaust & more factors originated tot he fall of this great Empire. -
Origins: The National Socialist-German Workers' Party (NAZI)
In 1919,army veteran Adolf Hitler,frustrated by Germany’s defeat in World War,which had left the nation economically depressed & politically unstable,joined a fledgling political organization called the German Workers’ Party.Founded by locksmith Anton Drexler & Journalist Karl Harrer,the party promoted German nationalism & anti-Semitism.The Nazi's were under the leadership of Adolf Hitler in 1921 & became chancellor of Germany in 1933 impacting the world tragically & banning them from existence. -
American Communism
The Communist Party USA is a communist political party in the U.S. Established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America it has a long,complex history that is closely tied with the U.S. labor movement & the histories of communist parties worldwide.After an economic collapse that led to the Great Depression,Americans were desperate for an economic resolution & were influenced by Communist ideologies.Before then, cmmunism was a threat to our Capatilist economy leading to a Red Scare. -
Treaty of Versailles : The End of World War 1
WWI officially ended w/ the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, June 28,1919.Negotiated among the Allied powers w/ little participation by Germany,its 15 parts & 440 articles reassigned German boundaries & assigned liability for reparations.After strict enforcement,French assented to the modification of important provisions.Germany agreed to pay reparations under the Dawes&Young Plan,but were cancelled in 1932,& Hitler’s rise & subsequent actions rendered moot the remaining terms of the treaty. -
Volstead Act: " War for Alcohol prohibition"
The National Prohibition Act,was enacted to carry out the 18th Amendment,which established prohibition in the U.S; this prohibited the “manufacture,sale,or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes,” was passed by Congress & sent to the states for ratification in 1917.Judiciary Chairman Andrew Volstead implemented the prohibition by defining the process & procedures for banning alcohol,leading to "Wet Law" repeal of the wartime prohibition ,but failed until the 21st amendment. -
Modern Mass-Advertising "Consumerism"
Advertising as known today finds its roots in industrial expansion of the 1880s.The mass production & the lowering of prices on consumer goods meant that more items were available to more people than ever before.The construction of the transcontinental railroads provided a national market for a company's goods.Advertising a product changed from simply announcing the existence of a product in a dull fashion to persuade the public they needed & deserved to own the product, birthing consumerism. -
The significance of the "Gilded Age"
Gilded is known as "metaphorical thin layer of gold to disguise problems/social issues" represents corruption, conspicuous consumption & unfettered capitalism in America named after Mark Twain.Rapid immigration & explosion of Americans moving from rural farms to cities caused urban boom during Gilded Age giving birth to powerful political machines,stimulated the economy & created the American middle class.its economical,political,social reforms & technological inventions structured the society. -
The "New Woman" of the 1920s
The New Woman was a feminist ideal that emerged in the late 19th ce & had a profound influence on feminism well into the 20th ce. The term "New Woman" was coined by writer Sarah Grand in her article "The New Aspect of the Woman Question," published in 1894.The Recognizable Iconic flapper symbols,short skirts & hair,noticeable makeup & fun-loving attitude represented this new Woman.Changing role of woman resulted after their work in the Civil war & explored different horizons of liberal equality. -
Working Life: Unions
The 1920s marked a sharp decline for labor movements & activities fell sharply in the face of economic prosperity,lack of leadership within the movement,& anti-union sentiments from both employers & the government.This made unions less able to organize strikes.The U.S grew out of the need to protect the common interest of workers such as,better wages,reasonable hours & safer working conditions with little success.Yet,it gained equality till the economic chaos of the 1930s w/ business industries. -
The Harlem Renaissance
Throughout 20's,various movements & innovations revolved around the lives of many.However,as the Great Migration persuaded African Amerian's to move up for better social & economic opportunities,an artistic movement traveled along with them,The Harlem Renaissance.Begining in New York,It highlighted the celebration of black culture by improving it with photography,Literature & music such as Jazz at Tin Pan Valley.The Jazz Age evolved from the Renaissance dominating American Music in the 1920s. -
The Lost Generation : F. Scott Fitzgerald
Coming out of WWI,a particular group of writers established their literary reputations in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world & spiritual alienation.Writers such as F.Scott Fitzgerald,Gertrude Stein,Ernest Hemmingway,& T.S. Elliott gave birth to "The Lost Generation" that were against the public code of conduct in support of open sexual liberation,escape from unhealthy confines of modern life & uplifted alcohol as a high social symbolism in the 1920s. -
1920: The Age of the Automobile
Throughout the 1920s, progressive innovations,technology & businesses revolutionized transportation, industries, companies, mode of production & developed the job environment.However,the innovation of Automobiles affected America socially,economically & innovatively as Henry Ford's useful gadgets of ideas made his product accessible to the public.His Idea of the Assembly Line produced a new way of manufacturing goods such as The Model T which changed transportation & accessibility to the people. -
18th Amendment: "Bootlegging"
As the 1920s roared with new ideologies,cultural styles,social reforms & statuses,business developments & discrimination it also presented the age of prohibition of all alcohol in the movement known as the Temperance movement.Though the Lawmakers believed it to be a rightful effective tool for change,it produced an opposite turn of action which resulted in the age of illegal drinking.This was possible in the hands of Bootleggers which bought & made alcohol illegally smuggling for private profit. -
Teapot Dome Scandal
The Teapot Dome Scandal of the 1920s shocked Americans by revealing an unprecedented level of greed & corruption within the federal government.Teapot Dome Scandal,also called Oil Reserves Scandal or Elk Hills Scandal,surrounding the secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall.The scandal involved ornery oil tycoons,poker-playing politicians,illegal liquor sales,a murder-suicide,a womanizing president & a bagful of bribery cash delivered on the sly. -
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The 1920's Era "The Roaring Twenties"
The 1920s Era is well known as the "Roaring Twenties", was an age of dramatic social & political change in American History. For the first time population increased in cities than on farm rural areas which influenced the nation's total wealth in doubling it between the 1920s -1929 with an economic growth that swept many Americans into an affluent but unfamiliar "consumer society." Symbols such as New Woman, Birth of mass cultures disputes, Jazz Age, & prohibition issues revolved around the 20s. -
The Women's Suffrage: 19th Amendment
During America’s early history,women were denied some of the key rights enjoyed by male citizens & were expected to focus on housework, motherhood,but not politics.During the 1820s & 1830s, various reform groups proliferated across the U.S that made women play a prominent role in contributing factors to a new way of thinking about being a women in U.S.Ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote—a right known as woman suffrage. -
The Great Depression in Germany: Hyperinflation
After the treaty of Versailles officially ended WWI,the weight of responsibilities & reparations were proclaimed known to Germany, though they weren't responsible for the war.Before the Great Depression that impacted world's economic stabilities, Germany was experiencing a depression all by itself in their attempt to repair,repay & fix the problems that were left behind WWI,this represented humiliation towards Germany's superiority.Half the country was unemployed & created hyperinflation. -
Immigration Act of 1924
The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the U.S through a national origins quota.The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the U.S as of the 1890 national census.known as the Johnson-Reed Act,was one such measure intended to reduce immigration into the USA, out of the fear of American jobs being taken away from numerous immigrant workers & fear of communist attempt to overthrow U.S capitalism. -
American Indian Citizenship Act
The Transformation of the west consisted of technological advancements,economical development,western settlement, uprising labor opportunities for immigration & Native American assimilation to hurt their resources of life & environment.Intentional events lead to the devastating reservation situation for natives after buffalo assassinations & opens assimilation.Congress grants citizenship to all natives born within territorial limits with AICA yet, limited voting rights that result in conflicts. -
The Great Depression: Speculation
Before the Great Depression,there were limited regulations on the stock market.So,when the stock market began to falter in the months before the October 29 crash,the speculative investors could not make their margin calls.This prompted a massive sell-off sparked by investor fear with some $16 billion lost during the month October 1929 alone.The poor policies governing the stock market proved another of the causes of the Great Depression.Overall,it didn't make much justice throughout the decade. -
October 20th, 1929
This prompted a massive sell-off sparked by investor fear with some $16 billion lost during the month of October 1929.The poor policies that governed the stock market proved to be another of the causes of the Great Depression.Production had already declined & unemployment had risen, leaving stocks in great excess of their real value.Eventually market collapse were low wages,the proliferation of debt, a struggling agricultural sector and an excess of large bank loans that could not be liquidated. -
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The Great Depression "Economic Depression"
after a series of serious weaknesses in the economy & the failure of banks during the months following the stock market crash on Black Thursday 1929,led to a world wide Depression that lasted through 1939.Its social and cultural effects were no less staggering, especially in the U.S,where the Great Depression represented the harshest adversity faced by Americans since the Civil War.The worst economic downturn in history of panics,investment drops & industrial declines impacted workers heavily. -
"Propaganda in WWII"
Throughout history,governments have used various forms of “propaganda” to influence their citizens during times of national conflict and/or crisis.This tactic utilized many times in the past and present when leaders have felt they needed to gain the support of the general populace in order to help accomplish a goal.Propaganda has spurred hatred against Blacks,Jews,Japanese & Germans.Propaganda was an influential force throughout WWII.Posters were widely used by the US for propaganda during WWII. -
The Presidential Election of 1932
The presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Wall Street Crash & the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country.President Herbert Hoover's popularity was falling as voters felt he was unable to reverse the economic collapse,deal with prohibition.Franklin D. Roosevelt used what he called Hoover's failure to deal with these problems as a platform for his own election,promising reform in his policy called the New Deal& defeated Republican Herbert Hoover -
The Holocaust: Concentration Camps
The first concentration camps in Germany were established soon after Hitler's appointment as chancellor in January 1933.In the weeks after the Nazis came to power, The SA, the SS, the police, 7 local civilian authorities organized numerous detention camps to incarcerate real & perceived political opponents of Nazi policy.In 1945, when Allied forces liberated the concentration camps, the world was shocked at the sight of images of dead bodies alongside half-dead people in these camps of jews. -
The 20th Amendment
The 20th amendment is a simple amendment that sets the dates at which federal government elected offices end. In also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies.This amendment was ratified on January 23, 1933.The Twentieth Amendment to the U.S Constitution moved the beginning &ending of the terms of the president & vice president from March 4 to January 20, & of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3. It also determine what is to be done when there is no president-elect. -
Emergency Reflief Act
The FERA was created on May 12,1933, by the Federal Emergency Relief Act of 1933, & President Roosevelt chose Harry Hopkins to be the administrator.As part of the First Hundred Days of legislation of the New Deal,it was aimed at responding to the fiscal crisis of state and local governments created by the Great Depression – both the collapse of tax revenues and the mounting costs of emergency relief.The FERA was a granting agency to the states, federal grants were given to the application state. -
The Adjustment Act (AAA)
The U.S. Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 was a federal law, a farm bill, of the New Deal era. The purpose was to provide relief for farmers & other agricultural workers during the Great Depression.The farm program was organized by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. Due to high production in the years leading up to the Great Depression, prices for agricultural commodities such as staple crops & livestock were extremely low, & paid farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land. -
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
National Recovery Administration, U.S. government agency established by President FDR to stimulate business recovery through fair-practice codes during the Great Depression. The NRA was an essential element in the National Industrial Recovery Act (June 1933), which authorized the president to institute industry-wide codes intended to eliminate unfair trade practices, reduce unemployment, establish minimum wages and maximum hours, and guarantee the right of labour to bargain collectively. -
The Glass-Stegall Act
The Glass-Steagall Act is a law that prevented banks from using depositors' funds for risky investments, such as the stock market. It was also known as the Banking Act of 1933. It gave power to the Federal Reserve to regulate retail banks. It also prohibited bank sales of securities. It created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.Glass-Steagall separated investment banking from retail banking.Investment banks organize the initial sales of stocks, called an initial public offering. -
The 21st Amendment
After the failed implication of the 18th amendment,illegal production&selling of alcohol rose in the 1920s creating rebellious behavior.Without being so much of the production benefitted the sellers more than the Government & it installed various bribery of corruption within the negotiations.The 21st amendment to the U.S Constitution repealed the 18th amendment to the U.S Constitution,which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol.The Twenty-first Amendment was ratified on December 5,1933. -
US Neutrality
The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s were the restriction of sales,loans, and goods being produced to warring countries not able to pay back to the United States; Only allowing them to pay in cash.The U.S. had been an important reason why the Allies had won World War I, but we hadn't wanted to get into the war. We didn't get anything out of it either - no land and no money.We were still isolationists at heart, happy to let the rest of the world fight its own wars, while we kept our soldiers at home. -
The Annexation of Austria
On March 12,1938,German troops march into Austria to annex the German-speaking nation for the Third Reich.In early 1938,Austrian Nazis conspired for the 2nd time in 4 years to seize the Austrian government by force & unite their nation w/ Nazi Germany.The next day, March 12,Hitler accompanied German troops into Austria, where enthusiastic crowds met them. Hitler appointed a new Nazi government, & on March 13 the Anschluss was proclaimed. Austria was a federal state until the end of World War II. -
The Plight of the Jews
In January 1933, some 522,000 Jews by religious definition lived in Germany. Over half of these individuals, approximately 304,000 Jews, emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship, leaving only approximately 214,000 Jews in Germany proper (1937 borders) on the eve of World War II.In the years between 1933 & 1939,the Nazi regime had brought radical & daunting social, economic, & communal change to the German Jewish community. Nazi disenfranchised Germany's Jewish citizenry -
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WWII "Second World War"
After experiencing rough transitions from the 1st World War's economic miseries & political instability,WWI favored America's economy & industrialization more than it did Great Britain & European powers.Furthermore,the Marco Polo Bridge Incident led to a prolonged war between Japan & China as well as Germany's invasion of Poland all led to Britain & France to declare war on Hitler's Nazi state in retaliation.However,U.S joined after the bomb of Pearl Harbor making it a war of nationalism powers. -
Peal Harbor
On December 7, 1941 the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the US Naval Base Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, using bombers, torpedo bombers & midget submarines. On December 8,President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his “Infamy Speech” to American citizens,informing them that this occurred despite the fact that the US was in the midst of talks to keep peace with Japan.That same day, with congressional approval, America entered into World War II.On Pearl Harbor, the change of U.S history took root.
