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A unique arrangement of pitch relationships (whole or half step for example although not certain), categorized into 8 modes.
Authentic:
Dorian
Phrygian
Lydian
Mixolydian
Plagal:
Hypodorian
Hypophrygian
Hypolydian
Hypomixolydian -
Considered the beginning of the Medieval Era -
The lute is a plucked or strummed string instrument common to accompany voice or take an instrumental place in chant. Most characteristically, the Lute has a bent neck to keep tension from snapping the neck. -
Chant is a plainsong in which a melody is performed in free rhythm. Plainchant is a monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song. Most often used in the church, Chant was used in monasteries, cathedrals, and chapels as well. Usually, in Latin text, Chant was modal and A cappella (in the style of the chapel). Textual emphasis was made through long melismas to which melodies declaimed the words. Gregorian Chant was a specific Roman chant cataloged by Pope Gregory (which one is not exact).
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Music was extensively used in the church. Music was viewed as eithr Divine (coming from God) or Cosmic (actively being created in the movements of the stars and planets). General rules for music theory did not exist. Additionally, the way music was notated was fluid and not standardized completely.
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Organum was a plainchant with an added melody which resulted in a piece sung in parallel 4ths and 5ths.
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In the written staff, the notes were called neumes and do not look like modern notation. -
Credited with "inventing the staff", Guido d'Arezzo was a Benedictine monk and music theorist.
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Credited to Guido d'Arezzo, the first staff was written in diastematic notation using 4 stacked lines one being red (F) and one being yellow (C). -
The Rebec is a bowed string instrument of the medieval and early renaissance instrument invented in the 11th century. -
Discovered in 2014, the earliest example of organum is believed to date back to the early 1000's. This chant was dedicated to Boniface, the patron Saint of Germany. -
Hildegard von Bingen was an Abbess famous for her prophetic powers. She traveled often teaching, which was forbidden for women, and writing liturgical dramas and religious poetry. Her music has a much wider range than Gregorian Chant and included wider leaps, more expression, and might have been rhythmic.
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Invented by Chinese navigational-ist in the 12th century.
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The Shawm is a double-reed wind instrument invented in the 12th century known for its volume and for being the predecessor of the Oboe. -
A cantor at the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Leonin was the first composer of polyphonic music (whose name we know). Credited with compiling the Mangus liber organi (1170).
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From the morality play Ordo virtutum composed by Hildegard von Bingen -
Vaqueires was a Frenchman who served the court in Montferrat and was eventually killed in battle. He wrote at least 35 poems and 7 with music that we know of.
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construction finished in Paris in 1163.
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Composed by Raimbaut de Vaqueiras in the 12th century -
Also a cantor at the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Perotin was another composer of polyphonic music for the church.
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This sacred polyphonic music usually had 2 - 3 voices and included rhythmic modes as well as text in various languages.
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Vitry was the first composer of Ars Nova and created the treaty of new music. He was a French priest.
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Translated as "new art", this new style included rhythmic polyphony in the motets. Composers would often draw shapes with their scores as well as use the motet as a means to experiment and innovate (such as the isorhythmic motet).
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French priest and composer Guillaume de Machaut was the most famous composer and poet at the time. Composed more than 20 extant motets, several extant chansons, and one of the first polyphonic mass cycles.
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A musical treaty outline general rules of ars nova and contained musical examples. Credited to Philippe de Vitry. -
French music theorist, composer, poet, and organist who was famously blind. Composed Trecento or new art music.
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The predecessor to the violin, the Vielle is a string instrument with a flat bridge and tuning pegs on top of the neck end. -
The Bubonic plague was an illness carried by fleas, passed to rats, and then to humans killing over 75 million people (one-third of the population).
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Composed by Guillaume de Machaut, "Since I am forgotten", is a chanson rondeau with no set system of cadences and even had dissonances on cadences.
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A 2 part ballata composed by Francesco Landini . -
First Renaissance composer
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Ockegham was very respected and prolific
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Composed by Dunstable in the early 15th century, Puisque M’Amour is a Rondeau for 3 voices.
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Renaissance (meaning rebirth" harbored new complex currents of thought concerning arts, science, and religion. Chants were paraphrased, new rhythms were added, and the emphasis shifted from function to beauty. More voices (5-8) were becoming the norm as well as transformed melodies being in the top voice.
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Tinctoris was a composer and music theorist who wrote about contemporary music and the change from medieval music to Renaissance.
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Dunstable was an English composer who was known for using 3rds and 6ths in his compositions (first inversion chords). There are about 50 compositions by Dunstable that are extant but his complete works were not published until 1953 due to how much he was emmulated .
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The psaltery is a medieval string instrument plucked almost like a harp. -
Prez was most revered renaissance composer especially by Martin Luther
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da Vinci was an Italian artist, scientist, and inventor in the Renaissance period.
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Willaert was considered the father of text expression
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Invented around the 16th century, the Crumhorn is a curved double-reed instrument often considered the predecessor to the bag pipe. -
A later medieval instrument, the dulcimer is a stringed instrument often plucked or hit with a hammer. -
Figured bass = bass line + Numbers
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Palestrina was the most famous composer from the Renaissance with a Roman-style composed mostly contrapuntal liturgical music.
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This large lute is a plucked string instrument with many bass resonance strings. Invented in the 15th century. -
Shakespeare wrote very musical plays often composed by another composer.
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Finest organist of the early baroque. Influenced by Bach.