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First School Museum Opens in St. Louis
-(INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA) ---served as a central administrative unit for visual instruction by their distribution of portable museum exhibits.., slides, films, study prints, charts, and other instructional materials. School museums were used as supplementary curriculum materials. (Saettler, 1968 pg. 89) -
Keystone View Company Published "Visual Education"
-(INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA) ---A teacher's guide to lantern slides and stereographs -
Rochester, NY Public School System Uses Films For Instruction
-(INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA) ---film becomes used for regular instructional use by teachers -
What was IDT?
-(DEFINITIONS)--- Early professionals focused on the physical means which instruction is delivered to a learner (such as a textbook). -
Top Visual Instruction Organizations Merge
-(INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA) ---with radio broadcasting, sound recordings, and sound motion pictures advancing, the interest in instructional media increased. Now under one leadership, the instructional design and technology field could drastically advance -
Behavioral Learning Theory
(LEARNING THEORIES)---B.F. Skinner belief and study that learning can be understood, explained, & predicted entirely on observable events. The consequence of behavior then determines if the behavior is repeated, thus considered to be learned. -
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WWII Screenings Created
-(INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN) ---tests created to assess skill set of a successful potential pilot, and military training programs -
Division of Visual Aids For War Training Created
-(INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA) ---federal government created the organization which oversaw production of training videos for the military -
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Organizations Established To Solve Instructional Problems
(INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN) ---training became viewed as a system, and innovative analysis, design, and evaluation procedures were created (Dick, 1987). -
Models of Communication Became Commonly Used
-(INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA) ---the process involving a sender and a receiver of a message, and a channel through the message is sent. Shannon & Weaver communication model -decade after WWII -
Federal Communications Commission Takes Action
-(INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA) ---242 television channels strictly for educational purposes which helped growth for public/educational tv channels -
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Massive Amounts of Investment in Educational Television
-(INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA) --- 1955- 17 educational TV stations; by 1960 - 50+ channels (Blakely, 1979). Estimated $170 million on educational television (Gordon, 1970). -
Criterion-Referenced Testing
(INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN) --- measures how well an individual can perform a particular behavior or set of behaviors, irrespective of how well others perform (Dale, 1967). Glaser (1963) used 1. to assess student entry-level behavior and to 2. determine which students had acquired the behaviors an instructional program was designed to teach. -
Instructional Technology Viewed as a Process
-(DEFINITIONS) ---Professionals now begin to discuss instructional technology as a process rather than as solely as media. -
First IDT Definition to be Approved by DAI
-(DEFINITIONS)---The Department of Audiovisual Instruction (now the Association for Educational Communications and Technology) focused their definition on the design and use of messages which control the learning process. It also defines the steps that should be taken in planning, production, selection, utilization, and management all referred to as systematic design -
The Conditions of Learning Published
-(INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN) ---author Robert Gagne broke down the 5 types of learning outcomes, the 9 events of instruction, and a hierarchical analysis process for identifying subordinate skills. -
Cognitive Information Processing Theory
(LEARNING THEORIES)---Computers birth after WWII provided a concrete way of thinking about learning, as well as interpreting memory and perception (Driscoll, 2005). This theory puts an increased emphasis on the role of prior knowledge in learning new knowledge and skills. Graphs and imagery strategies can help learners make meaningful connections between their prior knowledge and new information they are learning. -
Gagné's Theory of Instruction
(LEARNING THEORIES)---Primary concern is instruction and how it can be systematically related to the design of instruction (rather than an explanation of learning). The three main components: taxonomy of learning outcomes that define types of human capabilities, internal & external learning conditions of each learning outcome, and 9 events of instruction that each facilitate a specific cognitive process when learning. -
Computers in Schools
-(INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA --- computers were being used for instructional purposes in more than 40% of elementary schools and more than 75% in secondary schools (CSOS, 1983). -
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Constructivist Views / Performance Becomes More Valued
(INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN) --- real world use of what someone is learning; computers aide in on-the-job performance improvements -
Constructivism
(LEARNING THEORIES)---Learning is a matter of going from the inside-out. Complex learning environments to engage the learner in activities authentic to the discipline in which they are learning as well as encourage learners to reflect on what and how they are learning. This theory has brought a lot of criticism. -
Beyond Viewing IT as a Process
-(DEFINITIONS)---AECT defines IT as a theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning. -
Situated Learning Theory
(LEARNING THEORIES)---Considered a "work in progress" by professionals. Situated Learning Theory relies more on social & cultural determinants of learning than it does on individual psychology. Occurs through the learner's participation in the practices of a community, practices that are mutually constituted by the members of the community. -
Informal Methods of Training More Popular
-(INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN) ---75% of employees in business report use knowledge bases to help learn/perform their jobs. 74% use performance based tools. 67% use online communities of practice (American Society for Training and Development, 2009). -
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Higher Ed Looks Online
-(INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA) ---in Fall 2008- 4.6 million students enroll in online courses in higher ed in the US (Allen & Seaman, 2010). In 2010, 50% of college faculty using social media for instructional purposes (Babson, 2010).