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Double Victory Campaign
The Double V campaign was a slogan/campaign written by the Pittsburgh courier, an African American newspaper with he goal of gaining victory over racial discrimination overseas aswell as the homefront of the United States. -
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The Civil Rights Era
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Brown V. Board of Education
A landmark in the civil rights movement that was created when the U.S. supreme court ruled that it was unconstitutional to have state laws to establish segregation in U.S. schools.
- The five Cases
-Brown itself
-Briggs v. Elliot
-Davis V. County Schoolboard Prince of Edward Country
-Gebhart vs. Beltom
-Bolling v. Sharpe -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks, the civil rights protest involved African Americans refusing to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama to protest segregated seating., The form of civil disobedience resulted in a supreme court ruling that segregated public buses was deemed unconstitutional. -
Little Rock Nine
Was a form of testing the effectiveness of the supreme court ruling that prohibited segregation of schools. It involved having nine black girls from Little Rock. Arkansas going to a white school. It resulted in backlash and outrage from the white community and the entire school left to protest the integration of the black students. It also resulted in the NAtional Guard being deployed to the school. -
Freedom Riders
Another form of testing the Brown V Board of Education ruling was when seven African Americans and six Whites left Washington D.C. on a Greyhound bus with eh plan of reaching New Orleans, Louisiana to commemorate the seventh anniversary of the Supreme Court's ruling The freedom riders were arrested in Jackson for challenging segregation on public buses but it resulted in the Supreme Court ruling of the segregation being deemed as unconstitutional. -
University of Mississippi
James Meredith was the first African American to enroll in the University of Mississippi. Resulted in a riot of Southern segregationists in Oxford on a Sunday evening of September 30. Resulted in U.S. military intervention and the deaths of Ray Gunter and Paul Guihard -
Birmingham Campaign
On May 2, thousands of African American students attempted to march into downtown Birmingham, and hundreds were arrested as a result. It resulted in more gatherings the following day and Commissioner Connor directed local police and fire departments to use violent means of repelling the form of civil disobedience. It burnished King's reputation and ousted Connor from his job, resulting in forced desegregation of Birmingham. -
March on Washington
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was held in DC on August 28 to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans. Around 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln memorial in the national mall and listened to Martin Luther King Jr.'s legendary speech 'I Have a Dream', which became one of the most famous speeches in American history to this day. -
Civil Rights Act
In 1964, Congress passed Public Law 88-352, The Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. it also forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as race in hiring, promoting, and firing in the workforce. It also addressed voting rights, employment, public accommodations, education, and more. -
Watts Riots
The Watts riots took place in the neighborhood of Watts and other areas around South Central LA when Marquette Frye, an African American was beaten half to death by a white California Highway Patrol officer on suspicion of driving while intoxicated. It resulted in 34 deaths and thousands injured but it also showed how racism was still prevalent in American society even though there were massive strides taken. -
Selma March and Voting Rights Act
*Selma March
-Selma march was a march on March 7, 1965, where peaceful protesters in Selma, Alabama were brutally attacked by state troopers. It was known as "bloody Sunday", which resulted in voting reform and prompted Congress to pass the landmark 1965 voting rights act.
Voting Rights Act
Outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many Southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting. -
Black Power Movement and the Black Panther Party
The revolutionary movement began in the 60s and 70s and emphasized racial pride, economic empowerment, and the creation of political and cultural institutions.
Ex
-Afrocentric culture
-Black-owned businesses & education
Black Panther party
The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense was founded in Oakland California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. It was a revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, especially against police brutality.