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a young African American girl named
Linda Brown, who was denied admission to
her neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas,
because of her race. She was told to attend an
all-black school across town. So her parents sued the board of ed. This was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. -
The little rock nine were 9 African American student permitted by the court to go to the all white school. The governor of Arkansas,
Orval Faubus, but he was determined to win
reelection and began to campaign as a defender
of white supremacy. He ordered troops from
the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the
nine students from entering the school. The governor took the troops away and had the riots take care of them. Finally Eisenhower made the troops stick with them. -
The sit-in movement started with four freshmen at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, went to eat lunch at the whites only counter. After that they started a whole movement with sit-ins happening in over 100 cities. The sit-in movement brought large numbers of idealistic and energized college students into the civil rights struggle. This led to people help the people in the deep south register to vote -
The freedom riders were a mix of black and white college students going to the deep south to the refusal of intergrade bus terminals. When the took the buses down south the buses were slashed.. And even a firebomb threw one of the buses but no one was hurt. Then in Birmingham they face a large white gang that beat them to a pulp. And the chief of police said that most officers had the day off because of mother's day. But he really called the local Ku Klux Klan. -
Air force veteran James Meredith applied to go the University of Mississippi. Meredith tried to register at the university’s admissions office, only to find Ross Barnett, the governor of Mississippi, blocking his path. And he had a court order to let him in. So president Kennedy sent 500 marshals to estcourt James to the campus. And when they arrived they were faced by a angry white mob. They fought and 160 marshals were wounded. More troops came and followed him till he graduated. -
The March on Washington was an interracial march by 250,000 blacks and whites on August 28, 1963 in Washington D.C., protesting segregation and job discrimination against blacks in the nation. Marchers were protesting against segregation in public accommodations and widespread job discrimination against blacks. -
Malcolm X was an African American leader in the civil rights movement, minister and supporter of Black nationalism. He urged his fellow Black Americans to protect themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary,” a stance that often put him at odds with the nonviolent teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr. He Also made other African Americans take pride in who they are and their ability to make their way in the world. -
On August 3, 1965, the House of Representatives passed the
voting rights bill by a wide margin. The following day, the Senate
also passed the bill. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 authorized
the U.S. attorney general to send federal examiners to register
qualified voters, bypassing local officials who often refused to
register African Americans. The law also suspended discriminatory devices, such as literacy tests, in counties where less than half of all adults had been registered to vote. -
The Montgomery bus boycott was a
dramatic success. On the afternoon of Rosa
Park’s court appearance, several African
American leaders formed the Montgomery
Improvement Association to run the boycott
and to negotiate with city leaders for an end
to segregation. Stirred by King’s powerful words, African
Americans in Montgomery continued their
boycott for over a year. Instead of riding the
bus, they organized car pools or walked to
work. -
Even if African Americans had been allowed to move into white
neighborhoods, poverty trapped many of them in inner cities. Many African Americans found themselves channeled into low-paying jobs with little chance of advancement. Poor neighborhoods in the nation’s major cities were overcrowded and dirty, leading to higher rates of illness and infant mortality. The Black Panthers believed that a revolution was necessary in the United States, and want to fight for them to have equal rights.