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Buffalo Soldiers
After reconstruction, most blacks moved to Texas, Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska with hopes for a better life. On July 28, 1866 Congress passed a bill that allowed blacks to serve in the army, but only in peacetime. This started two cavalry regiments, the Ninth and Tenth, and four infantry regiments. Most of the people in the regiments were former slaves. They joined to receive what little dignity they were offered, but faced discrimination in the ARMY while serving their country! -
Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws
Black codes and Jim Crow laws stated that black people can't go to one place or another. The thirteenth amendment (1865) ended slavery in the whole entire nation. The fourteenth amendment (1868) granted citizenship to every african american. The fifteenth amendment (1870) gave african american men the right to vote. But the Jim Crow laws kept them from using these rights. -
A. Philip Randolph
Which person was president of Brotherhood Sleeping Car Porters, Director of The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, and the president of Negro American Labor Council? A. Philip Randolph! In 1917 Randolph cofounded a weekly magazine called The Messenger and Randolph became its president! Randolph persuaded two U.S presidents (Franklin D Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman) to take action in discrimination. On August 28, 1963 250,000 people black and white would March on Washington. -
Wilkins with NAACP
The NAACP was found by a multiracial and multireligous group of men and women on February 12, 1909. Roy Wilkins became director and guided the organiztion in it's struggle with racial equality in 1955. At the March on Washington, Wilkins gave a speech that urged the use of nonviolent methods for achieving civil rights. His leadership in the Civil Rights Movement during this time, gave him the nickname "Mr. Civil Rights". Wilkins recieved the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1967. -
NAACP
The NAACP is an amazing organization that helped the advancement of colored people. It was founded in February 12, 1909. Their goal was to remove all barriers of racial discrimination. For example, it promised equal protection under the law. This helped the civil rights movement by not only helping the advancement, but also integration of the armed forces. They helped them in the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1964, and 1968. They also helped the Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. -
The National Urban League
The National Urban League was all about finding African Americans jobs during and before (1910-the present) the civil rights movement. They also challenged racial discrimination in the military. The Urban League is still helping us to this day. The National Urban League was create by the merging of the NLPCW (The National League for Protecting Colored Women), the CIICN (The Committee for Improving the Industrial Condition), and the CUCAN (The Committee on Urban Conditions Among Negroes). -
The Great Migration
The African Americans traveled to the north in hope for better life: due to the fact that the lack of opportunity for jobs, dropped. That caused problems such as lack of food, housing, clothing, and especiall money which taxes were higher so no one could live here anymore. The one good thing about moving north was that WW1 was going on and jobs were opening up, so people had a better chance of a living. The most common migrated places, like NYC etc. So the Great Migration helped many people. -
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The Great Migration
The Great Migration was a time period in which African Americans in the south started moving up to the north. People moved to New York, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and Missouri. The Great Migration was from 1916 to 1970. There were many reasons why this happened. African Americans were treated very badly in the south, even though slavery had ended in 1876. In the North, there was better housing and jobs for the African Americans. By 1919, about 2 million African Americans left the south. -Naima -
Jacob Lawerence
Jacob Lawrence, an American painter, was a huge part of the great migration. He told the story in a series of 60 paintings. He noticed the struggles of African-Americans and created one of his best-known artistic series. His work was exhibited in 1941 making him the first African-American to join the gallery. He taught at Black Moutain College in 1947. Jabob was the beginning of earning back African American rights. -
Jacob Lawrence
9-9-1917 was the birth of Jacob Lawrence. Jacob Lawrence was an academic and a painter. He painted the Great Migration series and the War series. Some things like growing up knowing people on the move, segregation, how life in the North got better, and the effects the war had on the nation. Jacob grew up and inspired people to fight for their Civil Rights. He also painted The Great Migration series. The Great Migration showed segregation. Sadly, Jacob Lawrence died in Seattle, Washington. -
Integration of the Armed Forces and Executive Order 9981
At first, many people didn’t want African Americans to help the army. But when the war broke out, they really couldn’t say no. But African American soldiers weren't given many opportunities. This happened in all American wars. So on July 26, 1948, President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9981 which states “all people of the armed services shall have equal treatment and opportunity no matter what race, color, religion, or national origin”. Now, African American soldiers have found equality. -
Integration of the armed forces and executive order 9981
July 26, 1948 Executive order 9981 was an order the prevented African Americans from being segregated in the army. President Harry Truman passed this order on July 26 1948. Before 1948, African American soldiers were treated very badly. But not as bad as they were treated in the south. This order was written because if every African American was being discriminated in the army, then our armed forces would be chaotic. -
Ruby Brigdes
Ruby Bridges was born in the time of segregation in the south in a small cabin in TylerTown Mississippi. She was a black student that wanted to go to school with the white. One Day a White Agent and a old man with white hair wanted to have Bridges to go to school with the Whites. All of the white parents took their kids to a different schools nearby. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was born July 2 1908. When older, he entered the Lincoln University in 1925. Later, he graduated college sometime in June 1930. Later he wanted to become a lawyer and went back to school. Later in 1933 he graduated and became a lawyer. After years of being a lawyer he had debated on ending segregation and won 14 out of 19 cases. In 1991 he retired being in the highest court in the land because of poor health. January 24, 1993 he died of the age of 84. -
Brown v. Board of Ed Topeka
This court decision was to let black children go to a school that is much closer than the schools that they have to go to. The people that were a big part of this were Thurgood Marshall, Chief attorney of the NAACP, Linda Brown, the girl who couldn’t go to the school that she wanted to go to, and linda’s father the man who thought that his daughter should be able to go to a school that is closer to them. This all took place in Topeka, Kansas in 1954 to 1955. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was the first African American Supreme Court Justice. He was born on July 2, 1908. Before he was appointed to be a Justice by President Johnson, he was a lawyer. In 1940 he argued his first case about three African Americans who were accused of murder. In 1954 he argued a case before the Supreme Court and put an end to school segregation. It was called Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Thurgood died on January 24, 1993 of the age of eighty-four. -
Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka
Oliver L. Brown’s daughter had to walk several miles to her black school everyday. He didn’t see why she couldn’t be enrolled in the closer white school, so he requested that she be let in. Summer of 1952, he was rejected along with several other African American families to enter the school. He teamed up with them and brought the situation to the attention of the court, with lawyer Thurgood Marshall. They won the case on May 17,1954 because the court agreed that segregation in schools defied -
Mountgomery Bus Boycott
What I learned about the Montgomery Bus Boycott was that it started on December 5th 1955. There were notices passed around in churches, in bars and in schools. It all started because Rosa Parks didn’t give up her seat for a white man. The bus driver called the police and she got arrested. Everyone was upset that she got arrested so they created a boycott. It lasted 181 days. The African American men, women and children continued to not ride the bus. -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
In January, 1957, Dr. King met with some southern black ministers to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). This group’s purpose was to work toward advancing the cause of freedom and justice in America using nonviolent protest. The first thing that the SCLC did was contact and coordinate their efforts with other civil rights organizations. The NAACP and the SCLC helped plan a march on Washington. On May 17th, 1957, nearly 250,000 people attended the first mass rally. -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
The Southern Leadership Conference was very important in segregation. The date of the Southern Leadership conference started on January 10,1957. Martin Luther King Jr was elected the president of SCLC. SCLC’s purpose was to work toward freedom and justice in America. The first thing King did was to to contact and coordinate his efforts with other civil rights organizations. This part of segregation was very important. -
Little Rock Nine
Little Rock Nine were nine African American kids who went to an all white high school. This was September 4, 1954 so all schools were segregated. Before the Little Rock Nine even got to school people threatened to kill them or beat them. One of them got out of her house to a surprise… there were police. They surrounded her and wouldn't let her go to school. In the end she escaped and went to the school with eight other people. They lasted all 4 years, but were beaten and threatened often. -
LITTLE ROCK NINE
The black students that attempted to attend the public high school that day became known as the Little Rock Nine. September 5 1957 people woke up to find streets were closed and blocked off. September 4 1957 the soldiers raised their guns and pointed them at her and they refused to let Elizabeth enter the school. They blocked all the entrances so black people wouldnt get in the school. -
The Greensboro Four
Four black college students sat down in a restaurant and the waitress refused to serve them. The names of these students are Joseph McNeil, David Richmond, Franklin McCain and Ezell A. Blair, Jr. They then came back a few days later and refused to leave until they were served. After that incident, they started their own sit-in. So, they got support from an organization called the SNCC. They also had helped to achieve desegregation of lunch counters in almost 100 Southern cities. -
John Lewis
John Lewis was a founding member of the student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) this group developed strategies and projects. It also organized student led protests and fought against racism and segregation in the 1960’s. This man was inspired to become a civil rights activist when he was a little kid in the 1940’s listening to Martin Luther King Jr.’s radio recordings. Also John Lewis was arrested 24 times by 1963. -
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
It was founded in April,1960. Freedom ride took place on may 4, 1961 when seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C. on two public buses. In 1963 John Lewis replaced Charles McDew as main speaker. Also in 1963 more than 200,000 people marched peacefully to the Lincoln Memorial. In 1964 the SNCC joined with Congress on Racial Equality. -
Freedom Rides
The brave, persistent freedom riders took the freedom rides to prove they could have the same rights as whites if everyone compromised and agreed. Sadly, 200 angry people attacked one of the buses and then firebombed it. The freedom riders would not give up; whenever a group was attacked, another group of students would get on the bus and continue the ride. The Supreme Court gave permission to African Americans to do the freedom rides
-Anna. -
John Lewis & Freedom Rides
John Lewis was born February 21, 1940. After he felt and saw segregation and heard a radio recording from Dr. Martin Luther King, he knew he wanted to become a civil rights activist. He helped with the Freedom Rides that started on May 4,1961.That’s when they rode through the segregated cities to say it was wrong. It did not work so they asked Washington to help ride through the south to stop segregation on buses and trains. There were 13 blacks and a few whites that helped. -
Birmingham Children's March
On May, 2-5, 1963 the children of Birmingham, Alabama marched to protest segregation. A local minister named Fred Shuttlesworth tried to stop segregation by holding church meetings that included African Americans. Unfortunately, a white guy bombed his house. So 800 kids ages 5-18 marched from 16th Street Baptist Church. Most of them spent a whole week in jail. Then police attacked them with forceful hoses and aggressive police dogs. Next time, 4000 kids marched. They got arrested as well. -
Music From The Past
The song We Shall Overcome was an important part of the Civil Rights Movement. By the early 1900s, workers began singing this folk song and in 1945, a version was sung in South Carolina during the American Tobacco Company Strike. In addition, Musician Zilphia Horton taught We shall overcome to union officials and civil rights leaders. It was that popular that Martin Luther King Jr. first heard this song at a Civil Rights meeting in 1957. It became one of the symbols of the Civil Rights Movement. -
The March on Washington for jobs and Freedom
During this time on May 3rd police used dogs and fire hoses against African American children in Birmingham, Alabama. President John F. Kennedy was disgusted by all this fighting on the streets and proposed a law to ban segregation in jobs and school. The March on Washington was planned for August 28, 1963 . Midmorning 8/28/63 there were 100,000 people at the starting point. In the end at least 250,000 participants gathered at the national Mall. Millions of people watched this event on TV too. -
Bayard Rustin
Bayard Rustin was born in 1912. His grandmother inspired and reminded him to treat everyone with respect and stand up for justice without violence. Bayard spent his life on social rights, human rights and civil rights. He stood up for his beliefs, for example, Bayard convinced a waitress to serve him despite a white only policy. This led Rustin to join the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom committee. He stood proud for his beliefs and gave a speech at this important event. -
The March On Washington
Have you ever heard of the March on Washington? On Wednesday August 28, 1963 over 100,000 black and white citizens marched on Washington to have no segregation in jobs and schools. Martin Luther King Jr. also gave his famous I Have a Dream speech. After the march President John F. Kennedy proposed a new law banning segregation in jobs and schools. -
March on Washington
The participants had to be at the washington monument at 10:00 am and the march started at 12:00 pm. An estimate of 250,000 people came when 100,000 were expected to come. Martin Luther King jr inspired the crowd with his “I have a dream speech”. The march persuaded John F. Kennedy to push congress harder to pass the civil rights legislation and galvanized supporters of the presidents bill, making it a stronger bill. Congress passed the civil rights act that outlawed segregation. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964, July 2,1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was proposed by John F. Kennedy. Lyndon B. Johnson signed it on July 2,1964. Events in 1963 such as the March on Washington persuaded Congress to make the law. It stated that you could not be held out of places or restricted from workers rights due to religion, race, gender etc. It also warned that the government could punish you for breaking the law. Thanks to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, no one can be denied their rights due to gender, religion,race, etc. -
March from Selma to Montgomery
The March from Selma to Montgomery started when African Americans were not allowed to vote, it wasn't right. Many arrested and thrown in jail February. 1, 1965 because Martin Luther King jr. led over 750 people to the Selma courthouse to announce that the March from Selma to Montgomery is March.7,1965. Alabama's governor said themarch couldn't take place. President Johnson sent troops to protect the marchers. On August.6, 1965 President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act. Many were injured. -
March From Selma To Montgomery-1965
Martin Luther King Jr. was a protester for Voting Rights. He held marches for second class citizens who did not have Voting Rights. One time King held a march from Selma to Montgomery. The Governor of Alabama did not like this so he sent a group of soldiers to torture the protesters. President Lyndon Baines Johnson overruled the governor of Alabama and he let the protesters march in peace on March 22nd 1965. Johnson also gave the marchers protection from soldiers. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
The voting rights act of 1965 was a court decision that abolished the poll taxes and literacy test. This act came about because African Americans were not represented in their party. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party protested to get rid of the all-white Mississippi Delegation to make voting fair for all. -
James Meredith
James Meredith was born on June 25, 1933. He was accepted into the University of Mississippi. He almost wasn’t let in because he was black. James sued the school for discrimination. His case moved up to the U.S Supreme court, which supported his legal right to go to the university. When Meredith got there, the entrance was blocked by students and there was a riot. The military and police were involved. -
James Meredith
James Meredith was born on June 25, 1933. He was accepted into the University of Mississippi. He almost wasn’t let in because he was black but a 1954 Supreme Court decision declared that all schools should be public. James sued the school for discrimination. His case moved up to the U.S Supreme court, which supported his legal right to go to the university. When Meredith got there, the entrance was blocked by students and there was a riot. The military and police were involved. A year later he -
March Against Fear
James Meredith, born in 1933, is a patriot of civil rights. When he was admitted to a whites only college, they withdrew his application because of his race. He filed a suit to argue against discrimination and eventually made it into the college. He registered in 1962. At the college, riots formed at the entrance so he couldn’t get in. Eventually, the army had to escort him around in order to keep him safe. He led the March Against Fear. This is when Meredith walked from Memphis to Jackson, MI.
