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In this landmark Supreme Court case, the Supreme Court judges rule unanimously that segregation within schools was unconstitutional, overruling the 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson.
Source: History.com Editors. (2009, October 27). Brown v. Board of Education. History.com. Retrieved February 19, 2022, from https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka -
The ESEA, enacted by President Lyndon B. Johnson, emphasizes equal opportunities to education for all students, provides school funding, and also aims to shorten the achievement gap between students from impoverished families.
Source: Paul, C. A. (2022, January 5). Elementary and secondary education act of 1965. Social Welfare History Project. Retrieved February 19, 2022, from https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/elementary-and-secondary-education-act-of-1965/ -
Due to the high cost of educating students with disabilities, public schools in the District of Columbia were found suspending, expelling and excluding children with disabilities. The ruling said that all students with disabilities must be given an education.
Source: Mills v. Board of Education DC - School Psychologist Resources. Google Sites. (n.d.). Retrieved February 19, 2022, from https://www.sites.google.com/site/schoolpsychquickreference/legal-briefs/mills-v-board-of-education-dc -
Children with mental disabilities were classified as "uneducable and untrainable" and were denied public education by Pennsylvania school districts, and a law-suit was filed by the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens. Ruling stated that no child, regardless of disability could be denied access to public education.
Source: Parc v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania: Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse. Retrieved February 19, 2022, from https://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=11082 -
This act stated that schools had to develop an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) for children that needed them. This act also allowed students to be placed in the least restrictive environment possible, as well as school districts providing administrative procedures.
Source: S. 6 (94th): Education for all handicapped children act. GovTrack.us. (n.d.). Retrieved February 19, 2022, from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/94/s6/summary -
In this case, a "no reject" rule was established in schools concerning students with disabilities. The student was denied special education services because his condition was considered 'too severe'.
Source: Samuels, C. A. (2020, November 19). Landmark special ed. case confirming 'zero reject' rule marks 25 years. Education Week. Retrieved February 20, 2022, from https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/landmark-special-ed-case-confirming-zero-reject-rule-marks-25-years/2014/12 -
Previously the Education of Handicapped Children Act, in 1990, new laws were passed to change its name to IDEA. With this act, traumatic brain injury and autism were added as new categories of disability, and 'people first' language began.
Source: A history of the individuals with disabilities education act. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. (2020, November 24). Retrieved February 20, 2022, from https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History -
With these amendments made to IDEA, better access was given to given to the general curriculum, and the "developmental delay" definition was adjusted to include children up to age nine.
Source: A history of the individuals with disabilities education act. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. (2020, November 24). Retrieved February 20, 2022, from https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History -
The No Child Left Behind act increased the role of the government in holding schools responsible for the academic progress of students. With this act, emphasis on boosting performance was given with students in a special education setting, English-language learners, and other groups.
Source: Klein, A. (2020, December 7). No child left behind: An overview. Education Week. Retrieved February 20, 2022, from https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04 -
The 2004 reauthorization of IDEA called for a higher standard of instructors who teach in special education classrooms, greater accountability, and intervening services for students who are not identified as needing special education, but do need additional help academically.
Source: A history of the individuals with disabilities education act. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. (2020, November 24). Retrieved February 20, 2022, from https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History -
In this Supreme Court case, the court decided what level of benefit that schools are required to provide to children with disabilities under IDEA. The ruling states the education provided must be: "reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress appropriate in light of the child’s circumstances".
Source: Endrew f. v. douglas county school district. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law. February 20, 2022, from http://www.bazelon.org/endrew-f-v-douglas-county-school-district/