-
This case is not directly linked to special education but it was the event which got the ball rolling for separate but equal. Homer Plessy refused to sit in the designated African American train car, instead opting to sit in the white section. He was then arrested and argued that the segregation violated both the 13th and 14th amendments. Although he fought for his rights, he was convicted.
Plessy V. Ferguson. Oyez. (n.d.). https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/163us537. -
Within this case, students who had special needs that caused drooling or any other facial abnormalities were expelled from school. They were removed from their classes because these disabilities "nauseated" the teachers and students around them. When this case went to court, it was ruled that students with these special needs could be excluded.
Legal Rights & Protections. kypeertutoring.org. (n.d.). http://www.kypeertutoring.org/Modules/LegalRights.aspx?page=25. -
This council was the first designated group which advocated for children who have special needs. This group outlined policy and advocacy, professional development, education resources, and standards which teachers, faculty, and staff should be following in the school setting.
What is the Council for Exceptional CHILDREN?: A-STATE. Arkansas State University. (2016, December 20). https://degree.astate.edu/articles/k-12-education/what-is-the-council-for-exceptional-children.aspx. -
An organized created and devoted to special education advocacy. This organization sets the ethical standards within the professional setting for teachers, faculty, and staff to follow. This is the first organization which set standards in policy and advocacy, professional development, educational resources, and standards
-
Leo Kanner, of Johns Hopkins, published a researched paper name Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact. This paper depicted the categorization and classification of Autism. This classification would be continually built upon.
Leo Kanner's 1943 paper on autism. Spectrum. (2019, April 2). https://www.spectrumnews.org/opinion/viewpoint/leo-kanners-1943-paper-on-autism/. -
This case brought upon the terminology, "separate is not equal". Brown fought to end separate education facilities for not only race but students with disabilities as well. This unification would still take quite a bit of time to be implemented.
Private: The meaning of brown for children with disabilities: Acs. American Constitution Society. (2019, March 29). https://www.acslaw.org/expertforum/the-meaning-of-brown-for-children-with-disabilities/. -
This section prohibits the ability for programs to discriminate against disabilities for both any programs or activities that would be receiving assistance from the Department of education. This allows for all people, regardless of disability, to participate in programs and activities.
Protecting Students With Disabilities. U.S. Department of Education. (n.d.). https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/504faq.html. -
LRE is set out to allow for student with special needs to spend as much instruction time in general education classes as possible. By removing students when special instruction is not needed, their education becomes restricted.
Vanderbilt University. (n.d.). Least Restrictive Environment (LRE). Iris Center. https://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/wp-content/uploads/pdf_info_briefs/IRIS_Least_Restrictive_Environment_InfoBrief_092519.pdf. -
IDEA covers students with disabilities with the opportunity to have a free appropriate public education and a least restrictive environment. Evaluations must also be provided at no cost if a school deems intervention necessary.
Lee, A. M. I. (2021, July 12). What is the individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)? Understood. https://www.understood.org/articles/en/individuals-with-disabilities-education-act-idea-what-you-need-to-know. -
This act was created with the main purpose of keeping a close watch over students so as to make sure they are achieving the highest level of education and distinguish any gaps. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. (n.d.). https://www.k12.wa.us/policy-funding/grants-grant-management/every-student-succeeds-act-essa-implementation/elementary-and-secondary-education-act-esea/no-child-left-behind-act-2001.
-
The reauthorization was due to ensuring all students were receiving an equal opportunity, full participation, the ability to live independently and be able to self-suffice if given the opportunity. About IDEA. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. (2020, November 24). https://sites.ed.gov/idea/about-idea/.