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Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling that a child “weak in mind”,was disrupting the education of other children and could not benefit from general instruction nor care for himself. As a result, the student was expelled from the public school.
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Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled on behalf of the school district that they may exclude a student with a disability despite the fact that the student had already been attending public school until their fifth grade year. The student’s disability was observable and the school claimed it made staff and others uncomfortable as well as required too much time from educators.
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The Council for Exceptional Children was founded in Virginia by students and faculty members of Columbia University’s Teachers College in New York.
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The National Association for Retarded Citizens organized in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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A Civil Rights case addressed by the US Supreme Court focusing on segregated public schools and the inequality of equal opportunities and protections. Desegregation was the ruling in 1954 despite the fact that the case was argued in 1952. This case becomes influential in cases involving students with disabilities.
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An Act set in motion by Congress to address educational inequalities for children in less advantaged socio-economic standings. The results included assurance for disadvantaged students to receive an equal education.
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Amendment to include funding support for states to expand and improve ESEA programs to include handicapped students.
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Enacted by Congress with the intent of encouraging states to be mindful of the academic needs of individuals with disabilities resulting in the development of educational programs.
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Mills v. Board of Education (Looked at suspension, expulsion, and exclusion of children with disabilities) & Pennsylvania Association of Retarded Citizens (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Looked at the exclusion of children with mental retardation). *Both were court actions that resulted in the creation of the right to a special education for children with disabilities under the 14th Amendment of the Constitution.
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Introduction of Section 504 guaranteeing certain rights to individuals with disabilities. Became the first federal civil rights protection for individuals with disabilities.
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TASH is made up of teachers, parents, administrators, and service providers.
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These amendments connect to the EHA and were a catalyst for the National Advisory Council on Handicapped Children. The function of the amendments was to mandate that each state receiving federal special education funding would establish goals of full educational opportunities for students with disabilities.
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FERPA is a federal law created to protect the privacy of stydent education records. "The law applies to all schools that receive funds under an applicable program of the U.S. Department of Education. FERPA gives parents certain rights with respect to their children's education records. These rights transfer to the student when he or she reaches the age of 18 or attends a school beyond the high school level" (http://www2.ed.gov/).
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This Act was a combination of an educational bill of rights with federal financial incentives for states. The EAHCA required that participating states provide all qualifying students with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 18: a free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment; an IEP; and privileges under procedural safeguards.
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Rhode Island student, Tommy Smith, with Cerebral Palsy. Smith’s placement was at a special needs facility but was later changed by the school district. The change of placement was to a facility with less educational opportunities and support staff. Smith’s parents appealed the decision and sought out judicial review under the protection of EAHCA.
*The case was argued MArch 28, 1984 but was decided on July 5, 1984. -
This law became a subchapter of IDEA as a result of Congress recognizing the need and importance of early interventions for young individuals (birth to three years old) who were experiencing developmental delays. Early intervention services consisted of developmental services covered under public expense and supervision to meet the physical, cognitive, communication, social/emotional, and adaptive needs of the child.
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An amendment of the EAHCA, the HCPA granted courts the power to award attorney’s fees to parents/guardians if they were the prevailing parties in a case.
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ADA"he ADA is one of America's most comprehensive pieces of civil rights legislation that prohibits discrimination and guarantees that people with disabilities have the same opportunities as everyone else to participate in the mainstream of American life -- to enjoy employment opportunities, to purchase goods and services, and to participate in State and local government programs and services" (ada.gov).
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The amendments made during this time caused the EAHCA to be renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. With this change came new terminology: handicap became disability and “disabled student” became “student with a disability”.
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IDEA Amendments were passed as a process of reauthorizing and making improvements to already established elements of IDEA. The major focus of these amendments was to adjust expectations of students with disabilities. Congress placed an emphasis on the primary goal of the amendment being to improve special education effectiveness through verifiable achievement of students with disabilities.
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President Bush signed NCLB into law in January. NCLB is a reauthorization of the ESEA. The shift occurred as a response to low academic achievement of students across the country. As a result, federal government became largely involved in public education and states, school districts, and schools became accountable for demonstrating measurable achievement progress in reading and mathematics. All students, even students with disabilities were included in this federal expectation.
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Signed into law by President Bush, this law further emphasizes elements of NCLB. The key points of this law include IEP changes, discipline, and identification of students with disabilities. This law also required special education teachers to be certified in special education in order to meet the NCLB requirement of educators being highly qualified. This is also when the RTI model was encouraged as a method of intervention and support.
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Signed into law by President Obama, this standard is named for Rosa Marcellino, a child with Down’s Syndrome. Rosa and her family worked to change health and education language from “mental retardation” to “intellectual disability” in their state of Maryland. However, the bill passed the Senate unanimously followed by the House of Representatives then became a law with President Obama’s signature.
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"Under this law, the definition of restraint has changed. Restraint now means “bodily physical restriction, mechanical devices, or any device that immobilizes a person or restricts the freedom of movement of the torso, head, arms, and legs. It includes mechanical restraint, physical restraint, and medication restraint to control behavior in an emergency or any involuntary medication" (neanh.org).This is a more restrictive definition.
